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Somatic and zygotic embryos share common developmental features at the onset of plant embryogenesis

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Abstract

In many vascular plants, zygotic reproduction regularly alternates with different types of asexual reproduction, so embryos can develop not only from fertilized egg cells, but also from induced somatic cells through the process of somatic embryogenesis. Although somatic and zygotic embryogenesis are not directly correlated, their common features are presented, demonstrating that the origin and development of the somatic embryo morphologically and physiologically resemble zygotic embryogenesis at certain points. To initiate embryogenesis, both competent egg and somatic cells require activation either by fertilization or specific environmental signals, respectively. During induction of somatic and zygotic embryogenesis, modulation of DNA methylation, activation of particular hormonal and stress-related mechanisms and changes in cell wall properties are triggered. Here, we give an overview and discuss the most recent research in the field of plant somatic and zygotic embryogenesis, with special attention given to the onset of embryogenesis and early embryo development as well as to embryogenesis-related interconnections between plant hormones, stress responses, DNA methylation and regulatory gene expression.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Lucija Neal for English style and grammar improvement. The authors’ scientific work is financed by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sport of the Republic of Croatia through the project No. 119-1191196-1225, principal investigator Sibila Jelaska).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Dunja Leljak-Levanić & Nataša Bauer

  2. Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Snježana Mihaljević

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  1. Dunja Leljak-Levanić
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  2. Snježana Mihaljević
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  3. Nataša Bauer
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Correspondence to Dunja Leljak-Levanić.

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Communicated by A. K. Kononowicz.

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11738_2015_1875_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx

The Arabidopsis transcription factors specific for SE, up-regulated during the process of somatic embryogenesis and those showing at least a tenfold expression change during early somatic embryogenesis (column E) identified by Gliwicka et al. (2013) were searched for their expression maximum during Arabidopsis zygotic embryogenesis (column F) obtained from the gene expression map of Xiang et al. (2011). Transcription factors were grouped into two separate sheets, first containing those that are common for both somatic and zygotic embryogenesis (genes common for SE and ZE), and the second that contains only somatic embryogenesis-specific transcription factors (SE-specific genes). In each sheet, genes are grouped into the columns according to transcription factor families (column B) with the stress-related families on top. Known or predicted functions are given in column D. ABA abscisic acid, GA gibberellins, JA jasmonic acid, SA salicylic acid, SE somatic embryogenesis, ZE zygotic embryogenesis. (XLSX 140 kb)

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Leljak-Levanić, D., Mihaljević, S. & Bauer, N. Somatic and zygotic embryos share common developmental features at the onset of plant embryogenesis. Acta Physiol Plant 37, 127 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-015-1875-y

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