Abstract
In this paper, we summarised the main field-based approaches and a large volume of data on the territories affected by the Russian space programme conducted at Plesetsk, Baikonur, and Vostochny cosmodromes. Influence of space transportation on the ozone layer depletion, as well as on environmental and human health, is negligible. The environmental consequences of rocket and space activities within launch pads and the terrestrial drop zones of jettisoned first stages of launch vehicles are allowable. Moreover, it is negligible in the second stage drop zones. Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine pollution is local and does not result in the formation of ecological disaster zones because ecosystems restore by themselves. Influence of rocket launches on the mesospheric cloud formation is short-time or/and insignificant. The environmental impact of space transportation by the Russian space programme on the terrestrial ecosystems is well-studied. To approve or to disprove these findings similar researches should be carried out in other terrestrial and aquatic drop zones affected due to the space programmes of other countries.
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Funding
This work was supported by the Lomonosov Moscow State University (the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School “Future Planet and Global Environmental Change,” assessment of environmental consequences of launch vehicles propelled by N2O4 and UDMH; project no I.4: assessment of environmental consequences of solid rocket motors) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 19–29-05206: assessment of environmental consequences of launch vehicles propelled by liquid oxygen and kerosene). The authors are grateful to I. Spiridonova and M. Hayes for the help with the manuscript preparation and anonymous Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 for their comments that help us to increase the quality of the manuscript.
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IS: conceptualisation; methodology; data processing; writing — original draft preparation; review and editing; TK: conceptualisation; methodology; data processing; writing; review and editing.
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Highlights
Environmental impact of rocket and space activity is allowable.
Space rockets have a negligible carbon footprint as compared to that of airplanes.
Rocket launches do not form mesospheric clouds.
After UDMH pollution, ecosystems restore by themselves.
Environmental consequences of UDMH pollution are studied well.
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Semenkov, I., Koroleva, T. Review on the environmental impact of emissions from space launches: a case study for areas affected by the Russian space programme. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 89807–89822 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23888-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23888-8