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Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration as an exposure biomarker to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mexican women from different hot spot scenarios and health risk assessment

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Abstract

Recently, in developing countries, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been considered contaminants of grave concern for women and children. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: (1) evaluate exposure assessment to PAHs using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as an exposure biomarker and (2) perform a health risk assessment in women from four different high risk scenarios in Mexico. From 2012 to 2013, in a cross-sectional study, we evaluated a total of 184 healthy women from the following scenarios: (A) indoor biomass combustion site (n = 50); (B) brick manufacturing site using different materials such as fuel sources (n = 70); (C) industrial site (n = 44); and (D) high vehicular traffic site (n = 20). 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Afterward, a probabilistic health risk assessment was performed (Monte Carlo analysis). Mean urinary 1-OHP levels found were 0.92 ± 0.92; 0.91 ± 0.83; 0.22 ± 0.19; and 0.14 ± 0.17 μg/L for scenario A, B, C, and D, respectively. Then, based on the measured urinary 1-OHP levels, the estimated median daily intake doses of pyrene were calculated: 659, 623, 162, and 77.4 ng/kg/day for the women participating in the study living in areas A, B, C, and D, respectively, and finally, the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated (22 ± 21, 21 ± 20, 5.5 ± 5.5, and 2.6 ± 3.5; for areas A, B, C, and D, respectively), high health risk was noted for the women living in the studied communities. The data shown in this study (exposure levels to PAHs and health risk assessment) made it reasonable to conclude that the exposure levels found have a significant potential for generating adverse effects on human health in the studied scenarios.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financed by a grant from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico, Fondo Sectorial SEMARNAT–CONACYT-249421. The authors would like to thank Miss. Laura Carmen Martínez for helping with English editing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    Lucia G. Pruneda-Álvarez, Francisco J. Pérez-Vázquez, Tania Ruíz-Vera, Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez, Sandra T. Orta-García, Jorge A. Jiménez-Avalos & Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado

  2. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    Lucia G. Pruneda-Álvarez, Francisco J. Pérez-Vázquez, Tania Ruíz-Vera, Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez, Sandra T. Orta-García, Jorge A. Jiménez-Avalos & Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado

  3. Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Rioverde, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, SLP, Mexico

    Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado

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  1. Lucia G. Pruneda-Álvarez
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  3. Tania Ruíz-Vera
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Pruneda-Álvarez, L.G., Pérez-Vázquez, F.J., Ruíz-Vera, T. et al. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration as an exposure biomarker to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mexican women from different hot spot scenarios and health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 6816–6825 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5918-0

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