Abstract
Background
Sleep deprivation (SD) is known to be associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Strain and strain rate measure the local deformation of the myocardium and have been used to evaluate atrial phasic function in various disease states. The aim of the study was to investigate whether strain rate imaging enables the identification of left atrial dysfunction in otherwise healthy young adults with acute SD which has not been studied previously.
Methods
Adequate echocardiographic images of 27 healthy volunteers were obtained both after a night with regular sleep and after a night with SD. Tissue Doppler-derived strain and strain rate were measured from the apical four- and two-chamber views of the left atrium, and global values were calculated as the mean of all segments. Measurements included peak systolic strain, systolic strain rate (S-Sr), early diastolic (E-Sr) and late diastolic (A-Sr) strain rate. Phasic left atrial (LA) volumes and fractions were also calculated.
Results
There was no significant difference in the traditional parameters of atrial function and LA volumes. Subjects had similar S-Sr, A-Sr and global atrial strain values after the night of sleep debt when compared after regular sleep, whereas they had significantly reduced E-Sr values (mean (SD) 3.2 (0.7) s−1 vs 3.7 (0.6) s−1, p < 0.001). Moreover, global E-Sr showed a significant correlation with sleep time (r = 0.554, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Acute SD in healthy adults is associated with a reduction in LA early diastolic strain rate in the absence of geometric alterations or functional impairment of the left atrium, raising the possibility that chronic SD may more profoundly affect LA function and thereby promote the occurrence of atrial fibrillation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E (1999) Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354:1435–1439
Wolk R, Gami AS, Garcia-Touchard A, Somers VK (2005) Sleep and cardiovascular disease. Curr Probl Cardiol 30:625–662
Gangwisch JE, Heymsfield SB, Boden-Albala B, Buijs RM, Kreier F, Pickering TG, Rundle AG, Zammit GK, Malaspina D (2006) Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. Hypertension 47:833–839
Yaggi HK, Araujo AB, McKinlay JB (2006) Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29:657–661
Stranges S, Cappuccio FP, Kandala NB, Miller MA, Taggart FM, Kumari M, Ferrie JE, Shipley MJ, Brunner EJ, Marmot MG (2008) Cross-sectional versus prospective associations of sleep duration with changes in relative weight and body fat distribution: the Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol 167:321–329
Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP (2005) Sleep apnea is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 9:211–224
Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Bixler EO, Lin HM, Follett H, Kales A, Chrousos GP (2004) Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2119–2126
Greenland P, Knoll MD, Stamler J, Neaton JD, Dyer AR, Garside DB, Wilson PW (2003) Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events. JAMA 290:891–897
Hait G (2007) Sleep deprivation, an independent preventable risk factor for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with normally structured hearts without obstructive sleep apnea. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 18:80–81
Sari I, Davutoglu V, Ozbala B, Ozer O, Baltaci Y, Yavuz S, Aksoy M (2008) Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased electrocardiographic P-wave dispersion in healthy young men and women. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31:438–442
Esen Ö, Akçakoyun M, Açar G, Bulut M, Alızade E, Kargin R, Emıroğlu MY, Yazicioğlu MV, Gemici K, Esen AM (2011) Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased atrial electromechanical delay in healthy young adults. Pacing Clin Eelctrophysiol 34:1645–1651
Ozer O, Ozbala B, Sari I, Davutoglu V, Maden E, Baltaci Y, Yavuz S, Aksoy M (2008) Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased QT dispersion in healthy young adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31:979–984
Surawicz B (1986) Electrocardiographic diagnosis of chamber enlargement. J Am Coll Cardiol 8:711–724
Pala S, Tigen K, Karaahmet T, Dundar C, Kilicgedik A, Güler A, Cevik C, Kirma C, Basaran Y (2010) Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay by tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Electrocardiol 43:344–350
Yagmur J, Yetkin O, Cansel M, Acikgoz N, Ermis N, Karakus Y, Tasolar H (2012) Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay and influential factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 16:83–88
Khan A, Latif F, Hawkins B, Tawk M, Sivaram CA, Kinasewitz G (2008) Effects of obstructive sleep apnea treatment on left atrial volume and left atrial volume index. Sleep Breath 12:141–147
Oliveira W, Campos O, Cintra F, Matos L, Vieira ML, Rollim B, Fujita L, Tufik S, Poyares D (2009) Impact of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on left atrial volume and function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea assessed by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Heart 95:1872–1878
Barbier P, Solomon SB, Schiller NB, Glantz SA (1999) Left atrial relaxation and left ventricular systolic function determine left atrial reservoir function. Circulation 100:427–436
Zhang Q, Yip GW, Yu CM (2008) Approaching regional left atrial function by tissue Doppler velocity and strain imaging. Europace 10(Suppl 3):iii62–iii69
Choong CY, Herrmann HC, Weyman AE, Fifer MA (1987) Preload dependence of Doppler derived indexes of left ventricular diastolic function in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 10:800–808
Sohn DW, Chai IH, Lee DJ, Kim HC, Kim HS, Oh BH, Lee MM, Park YB, Choi YS, Seo JD, Lee YW (1997) Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:474–480
Marwick TH (2006) Measurement of strain and strain rate by echocardiography: ready for prime time? J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1313–1327
Sirbu C, Herbots L, D'hooge J, Claus P, Marciniak A, Langeland T, Bijnens B, Rademakers FE, Sutherland GR (2006) Feasibility of strain and strain rate imaging for the assessment of regional left atrial deformation: a study in normal subjects. Eur J Echocardiogr 7:199–208
Thomas L, McKay T, Byth K, Marwick TH (2007) Abnormalities of left atrial function after cardioversion: an atrial strain rate study. Heart 93:89–95
Kokubu N, Yuda S, Tsuchihashi K, Hashimoto A, Nakata T, Miura T, Ura N, Nagao K, Tsuzuki M, Wakabayashi C, Shimamoto K (2007) Noninvasive assessment of left atrial function by strain rate imaging in patients with hypertension: a possible beneficial effect of renin–angiotensin system inhibition on left atrial function. Hypertens Res 30:13–21
Abd El Rahman MY, Hui W, Timme J, Ewert P, Berger F, Dsebissowa F, Hetzer R, Lange PE, Abdul-Khaliq H (2005) Analysis of atrial and ventricular performance by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with atrial septal defects before and after surgical and catheter closure. Echocardiography 22:579–585
Manning WJ, Silverman DI, Katz SE, Riley MF, Come PC, Doherty RM, Munson JT, Douglas PS (1994) Impaired left atrial mechanical function after cardioversion: relation to the duration of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:1535–1540
Kircher B, Abbott JA, Pau S, Gould RG, Himelman RB, Higgins CB, Lipton MJ, Schiller NB (1991) Left atrial volume determination by biplane two dimensional echocardiography: validation by cine computed tomography. Am Heart J 121:864–871
Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP, Douglas PS, Oh JK, Tajik AJ, Tsang TS (2006) Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:2357–2363
Boyd AC, Schiller NB, Ross DL, Thomas L (2009) Differential recovery of regional atrial contraction after restoration of sinus rhythm after intraoperative linear radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 103:528–534
Chen LS, Zhou S, Fishbein MC, Chen PS (2007) New perspectives on the role of autonomic nervous system in the genesis of arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 18:123–127
Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, Houghtaling PL, Rautaharju P, Kronmal RA, Tracy RP, Van Wagoner DR, Psaty BM, Lauer MS, Chung MK (2003) Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 108:3006–3010
Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, Goudevenos J (2003) Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 9:225–229
Schoonderwoerd BA, Smit MD, Pen L, Van Gelder IC (2008) New risk factors for atrial fibrillation: causes of ‘not-so-lone atrial fibrillation’. Europace 10:668–673
Shah NA, Yaggi HK, Concato J, Mohsenin V (2010) Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for coronary events or cardiovascular death. Sleep Breath 14(2):131–136
Won CH, Chun HJ, Chandra SM, Sarinas PS, Chitkara RK, Heidenreich PA (2012) Severe obstructive sleep apnea increases mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease and myocardial injury. Sleep Breath. doi:10.1007/s11325-012-0653-y
Usui Y, Takata Y, Inoue Y, Shimada K, Tomiyama H, Nishihata Y, Kato K, Shiina K, Yamashina A (2011) Coexistence of obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome is independently associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Sleep Breath 16:677–684
Stefanadis C, Dernellis J, Toutouzas P (2001) A clinical appraisal of left atrial function. Eur Heart J 22:22–36
Conflict of interest
The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Açar, G., Akçakoyun, M., Sari, I. et al. Acute sleep deprivation in healthy adults is associated with a reduction in left atrial early diastolic strain rate. Sleep Breath 17, 975–983 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-012-0786-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-012-0786-z