Abstract
In this paper, we introduce Adaptive Beamforming (AB) and Distributed Beamforming (DB) as two efficient techniques for Intelligent WiMAX (I-WiMAX). I-WiMAX is a new maritime communication system, consisting of Smart Radio (SR) principles and mobile WiMAX based on the IEEE 802.16e standard. Adopting AB, the same spectrum can accommodate more users by directing the main beam towards desired users while antenna pattern nulls towards others. To reduce the channel interferences caused by spectrum reusing, the Null Broadening (NB) method is required for downlink beamforming of I-WiMAX. A new NB method is presented in this paper with iterative weights computing for different OFDM subcarriers. Considering the spatial channel model seen at Subscriber Stations (SS) based on the von Mises distribution, the coverage range of one Base Station (BS) is dramatically enlarged by employing the NB technique. Meanwhile, assuming those SS which are within the coverage range as nodes of a relay network, the DB technique is introduced to forward signals to distant SS by forming the main beams towards them instead of deploying more BS to increase the communication range. It is proven in this paper that DB can successfully do the job. To reuse the spectrum, two DB methods are presented by directing different beams towards different required directions at the same time. With the AB and DB techniques, reliable I-WiMAX links can be established for long distances, with more optimum spectrum use and less infrastructure.
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Abbreviations
- AB:
-
Adaptive Beamforming
- AOFDM:
-
Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed
- AOA:
-
Angle of Arrival
- BS:
-
Base Station
- CDF:
-
Cumulative Distributed Function
- CMA:
-
Constant Modulus Adaptive
- DB:
-
Distributed Beamforming
- DOA:
-
Direction of Arrival
- DSS:
-
Distant SS
- FDD:
-
Frequency Division Duplex
- GPS:
-
Global Positioning System
- I-WiMAX:
-
Intelligent WiMAX
- LMS:
-
Least Mean Square
- MLM:
-
Maximum Likelihood Method
- MMSE:
-
Minimum Mean Square Error
- MS:
-
Mobile Station
- MVDR:
-
Minimum Variance Distortion Response
- NB:
-
Null Broadening
- NC:
-
Null Constraint
- OFDM:
-
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed
- Pdf:
-
Probability density function
- SA:
-
Smart Antenna
- SCORE:
-
Spectrum self-COherent REstoral
- SDMA:
-
Space Division Multiple Access
- SINR:
-
Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
- SIR:
-
Signal to Interference Ratio
- SMI:
-
Sample Matrix Inversion
- SNR:
-
Signal to Noise Ratio
- SR:
-
Smart Radio
- SS:
-
Subscriber Station
- TDD:
-
Time Division Duplex
- ULA:
-
Uniform Linear Array
- VDA:
-
Virtual Direction Adding
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Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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Lian, X., Nikookar, H. & Ligthart, L.P. Efficient Radio Transmission with Adaptive and Distributed Beamforming for Intelligent WiMAX. Wireless Pers Commun 59, 405–431 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011-0237-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011-0237-3