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Characterization of the microbial community in different types of Daqu samples as revealed by 16S rRNA and 26S rRNA gene clone libraries

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Abstract

Daqu is a fermentative saccharification agent that is used to initiate fermentation in the production of Chinese liquor and vinegar. Different types of Daqu can be distinguished based on the maximum fermentation temperature, location of production, and raw materials used. We aimed to characterize and distinguish the different types of Daqu using a culture-independent cloning method. The lowest microbial diversity was found in Daqu produced at high-temperature. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare the bacterial composition of Daqu from different regions (i.e., northern Daqu and southern Daqu). Staphylococcus gallinarum and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were found in southern Daqu, and were absent in northern Daqu. The fungi Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Lichtheimia ramosa dominated in low/medium-temperature Daqu, whereas Thermomyces lanuginosus occurred in high-temperature Daqu. Our study identified potential biomarkers for the different types of Daqu, which can be useful for quality control and technology development of liquor or vinegar production.

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No.20130008110013) and grant KNAW-China Joint Research Project 07CDP015 of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Xiao-Wei Zheng, Zheng Yan & Bei-Zhong Han

  2. Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Xiao-Wei Zheng, M. J. Robert Nout, Marcel H. Zwietering & Eddy J. Smid

  3. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Teun Boekhout

  4. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, No. 41 Maizidian Street, Beijing, 100125, People’s Republic of China

    Zheng Yan

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  1. Xiao-Wei Zheng
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  2. Zheng Yan
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  3. M. J. Robert Nout
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  5. Bei-Zhong Han
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  7. Eddy J. Smid
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Correspondence to Eddy J. Smid.

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Zheng, XW., Yan, Z., Robert Nout, M.J. et al. Characterization of the microbial community in different types of Daqu samples as revealed by 16S rRNA and 26S rRNA gene clone libraries. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 31, 199–208 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1776-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1776-z

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