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Reproductive interference and salinity tolerance differentiate habitat use between two alien cockleburs: Xanthium occidentale and X. italicum (Compositae)

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Abstract

In recent years, reproductive interference (RI), the fitness cost of reproductive activities among species, has received much attention as a factor in competitive exclusion by alien species. In this study, we aimed to explain the distribution of two annual alien Xanthium species (X. occidentale and X. italicum) found in the northern Kinki Distinct of Japan from the viewpoint of RI. First, specimen records demonstrated that Xanthium occidentale was more dominant in all habitats except seaside habitats. Subsequently, using artificial patches of potted plants, we demonstrated that X. italicum suffered intense RI from X. occidentale. Finally, X. italicum was superior to X. occidentale in tolerating salinity stress. Combining these results, we concluded that the asymmetrical RI caused by X. occidentale displaced X. italicum except in seaside habitats, where X. occidentale could not establish colonies. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that a similar RI effect caused the extinction of native species.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our thanks to the curators of the Kyoto University Museum and the Osaka Museum of Natural History for support in our herbarium investigation. This work was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B, No. 19770023) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan and a Research project (Agriculture and Environment Interactions in Eurasia: Past, Present and Future—A ten-thousand-year history) of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. Thanks are also due to two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan

    Koh-Ichi Takakura

  2. University of Human Environments, 6-2 Uesanbonmatsu, Honjuku-cho, Okazaki, 444-3505, Japan

    Shinji Fujii

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  1. Koh-Ichi Takakura
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  2. Shinji Fujii
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Correspondence to Koh-Ichi Takakura.

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Takakura, KI., Fujii, S. Reproductive interference and salinity tolerance differentiate habitat use between two alien cockleburs: Xanthium occidentale and X. italicum (Compositae). Plant Ecol 206, 309–319 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-009-9644-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-009-9644-x

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