Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pulsar-Wind Nebulae

Recent Progress in Observations and Theory

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this review we describe recent observational and theoretical developments in our understanding of pulsar winds and pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe). We put special emphasis on the results from observations of well-characterized PWNe of various types (e.g., torus-jet and bowshock-tail), the most recent MHD modeling efforts, and the status of the flaring Crab PWN puzzle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Such classification is possible only for sufficiently bright and relatively nearby PWNe.

  2. A more detailed overview of the observational properties of population of relic PWNe can be found in Kargaltsev et al. (2013b).

  3. Since the PWN properties and evolution depend on the environment, one should not forget that the progenitor and SNR properties may be quite different for the Crab and Vela pulsars.

  4. See animation at http://home.gwu.edu/~kargaltsev/Crab.html.

  5. Overall, the large degree of correlation between the radio structure and optical filaments suggests than most of the radio emission is related to the SNR filaments.

  6. However, one can imagine that the jet stayed at one position (“3” in Fig. 2) for a long time and then relatively quickly moved to the other position (“1” in Fig. 2).

  7. The outer edge of the optical/NIR wisp is about \(1''\) further away from the pulsar, with the X-ray ring emission trailing behind or possibly being sandwiched between the bright wisp and the fainter wisp.

  8. Here we are following nomenclature introduced by Hester et al. (1995), see Fig. 1 (top panel).

  9. In principle, the magnetic field may deviate from the dipolar configuration more for the Vela pulsar than for the Crab pulsar. Indeed, braking indices, \(n\), of the Crab (\(n=2.5\)) and Vela (\(n=1.4\)) are very different, and the Vela pulsar is much more “glitchy” compared to Crab.

  10. The parameter that determines to what degree a PWN is affected by the pulsar motion is the ratio of the pulsar velocity to the local ambient sound speed (Mach number ℳ). The medium within the younger Crab SNR is hotter than in the Vela SNR.

  11. Here the distances are scaled as \(d_{0.3}=d/(300~\mbox{pc})\) and \(d_{2}=d/2{,}000~\mbox{pc}\).

  12. It is likely that the Mach number is somewhat larger for the Vela PWN where we see some effect of the motion (Pavlov et al. 2003).

  13. In the Radhakrishnan and Deshpande (2001) model the arcs are the traces of the particle beams from the two magnetic poles and the inner jets are the Doppler-boosted projections of the beams.

  14. Alternatively, an old SNR can break-up and dissolve.

  15. The simulations of Bucciantini et al. (2005) do not extend further than \(25r_{cd,0}\) (where \(r_{cd,0}\) is the scant-off distance at the apex of the bowshock) from the pulsar due to numerical challenges. Also, the model neglects the impact of the magnetic field on the flow dynamics. It is reasonable to expect that the pulsar tail physics may have some similarities with that of leptonic AGN jets for the case when the pulsar spin axis are parallel to its velocity vector (except that magnetic hoop stress may turn out to be larger in the case of pulsar tails). Therefore, some of the AGN jet simulations may be relevant for the pulsar tails.

  16. The simulations by Vigelius et al. (2007) only extended for a few \(r_{cd,0}\) from the pulsar, much smaller than the scales of extended tails seen in X-rays.

  17. The angle between the line of sight and the pulsar velocity vector.

  18. The X-ray flux of the Crab Nebula is also variable but to a \(\sim10~\%\) level over a year-timescale (Wilson-Hodge et al. 2011). This will not be discussed here, because this phenomenon does not appear to be directly connected to the flares.

  19. See http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/msl_lc/source/Crab_Pulsar.

  20. The flux of the inverse-Compton component above \(>100~\mbox{GeV}\) remains constant during the flares (H.E.S.S. Collaboration et al. 2014; Aliu et al. 2014).

  21. This might be challenging to achieve in relativistic shocks (Sironi and Spitkovsky 2009b).

  22. This solution is often proposed to account for the ultra-rapid gamma-ray flares in blazars.

  23. Recent studies show that reconnection produces hard particle spectra \(d\mathrm{N}/d\gamma\propto\gamma^{-1}\), \(\gamma ^{-1.5}\) for \(\sigma\gg1\) (Sironi and Spitkovsky 2014; Guo et al. 2014; Werner et al. 2014).

References

  • A.A. Abdo, B.T. Allen, T. Aune, D. Berley, C. Chen, G.E. Christopher, T. DeYoung, B.L. Dingus, R.W. Ellsworth, M.M. Gonzalez, J.A. Goodman, E. Hays, C.M. Hoffman, P.H. Hüntemeyer, B.E. Kolterman, J.T. Linnemann, J.E. McEnery, T. Morgan, A.I. Mincer, P. Nemethy, J. Pretz, J.M. Ryan, P.M. Saz Parkinson, A. Shoup, G. Sinnis, A.J. Smith, V. Vasileiou, G.P. Walker, D.A. Williams, G.B. Yodh, Milagro observations of multi-TeV emission from Galactic sources in the Fermi Bright Source List. Astrophys. J. Lett. 700, 127–131 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/L127

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W.B. Atwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, M.G. Baring, D. Bastieri, K. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, R.D. Blandford, E.D. Bloom, E. Bonamente, A.W. Borgland, J. Bregeon, A. Brez, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, T.H. Burnett, G.A. Caliandro, R.A. Cameron, F. Camilo, P.A. Caraveo, J.M. Casandjian, C. Cecchi, Ö. Çelik, A. Chekhtman, C.C. Cheung, J. Chiang, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, I. Cognard, J. Cohen-Tanugi, L.R. Cominsky, J. Conrad, C.D. Dermer, A. de Angelis, A. de Luca, F. de Palma, S.W. Digel, E.d.C.e. Silva, P.S. Drell, R. Dubois, D. Dumora, C. Espinoza, C. Farnier, C. Favuzzi, S.J. Fegan, E.C. Ferrara, W.B. Focke, M. Frailis, P.C.C. Freire, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, N. Gehrels, S. Germani, G. Giavitto, B. Giebels, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, I.A. Grenier, M.-H. Grondin, J.E. Grove, L. Guillemot, S. Guiriec, Y. Hanabata, A.K. Harding, M. Hayashida, E. Hays, R.E. Hughes, G. Jóhannesson, A.S. Johnson, R.P. Johnson, T.J. Johnson, W.N. Johnson, S. Johnston, T. Kamae, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, N. Kawai, M. Kerr, J. Knödlseder, M.L. Kocian, M. Kramer, F. Kuehn, M. Kuss, J. Lande, L. Latronico, S.-H. Lee, M. Lemoine-Goumard, F. Longo, F. Loparco, B. Lott, M.N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, A.G. Lyne, A. Makeev, M. Marelli, M.N. Mazziotta, J.E. McEnery, C. Meurer, P.F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, A.A. Moiseev, C. Monte, M.E. Monzani, E. Moretti, A. Morselli, I.V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, T. Nakamori, P.L. Nolan, J.P. Norris, A. Noutsos, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, J.F. Ormes, M. Ozaki, D. Paneque, J.H. Panetta, D. Parent, V. Pelassa, M. Pepe, M. Pesce-Rollins, M. Pierbattista, F. Piron, T.A. Porter, S. Rainò, R. Rando, P.S. Ray, M. Razzano, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, T. Reposeur, S. Ritz, L.S. Rochester, A.Y. Rodriguez, R.W. Romani, M. Roth, F. Ryde, H.F.-W. Sadrozinski, D. Sanchez, A. Sander, P.M. Saz Parkinson, J.D. Scargle, C. Sgrò, E.J. Siskind, D.A. Smith, P.D. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, B.W. Stappers, M.S. Strickman, D.J. Suson, H. Tajima, H. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, J.B. Thayer, J.G. Thayer, G. Theureau, D.J. Thompson, S.E. Thorsett, L. Tibaldo, D.F. Torres, G. Tosti, A. Tramacere, Y. Uchiyama, T.L. Usher, A. Van Etten, V. Vasileiou, N. Vilchez, V. Vitale, A.P. Waite, E. Wallace, P. Wang, K. Watters, P. Weltevrede, B.L. Winer, K.S. Wood, T. Ylinen, M. Ziegler, Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of the Crab pulsar and nebula. Astrophys. J. 708, 1254–1267 (2010a). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1254

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Allafort, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, K. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, R.D. Blandford, E.D. Bloom, E. Bonamente, A.W. Borgland, A. Bouvier, J. Bregeon, A. Brez, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, T.H. Burnett, S. Buson, G.A. Caliandro, R.A. Cameron, P.A. Caraveo, S. Carrigan, J.M. Casandjian, C. Cecchi, Ö. Çelik, A. Chekhtman, C.C. Chung, J. Chiang, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, J. Conrad, A. de Angelis, F. de Palma, M. Dormody, E.d.C.e. Silva, P.S. Drell, R. Dubois, D. Dumora, C. Farnier, C. Favuzzi, S.J. Fegan, W.B. Focke, P. Fortin, M. Frailis, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, N. Gehrels, S. Germani, G. Giavitto, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, I.A. Grenier, M.-H. Grondin, J.E. Grove, L. Guillemot, S. Guiriec, A.K. Harding, M. Hayashida, E. Hays, D. Horan, R.E. Hughes, M.S. Jackson, G. Jóhannesson, A.S. Johnson, T.J. Johnson, W.N. Johnson, S. Johnston, T. Kamae, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, N. Kawai, M. Kerr, J. Knödlseder, M. Kuss, J. Lande, L. Latronico, S.-H. Lee, M. Lemoine-Goumard, M. Llena Garde, F. Longo, F. Loparco, B. Lott, M.N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, A. Makeev, M. Marelli, M.N. Mazziotta, J.E. McEnery, C. Meurer, P.F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, A.A. Moiseev, C. Monte, M.E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I.V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, T. Nakamori, P.L. Nolan, J.P. Norris, A. Noutsos, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, J.F. Ormes, M. Ozaki, D. Paneque, J.H. Panetta, D. Parent, V. Pelassa, M. Pepe, M. Pesce-Rollins, M. Pierbattista, F. Piron, T.A. Porter, S. Rainò, R. Rando, P.S. Ray, N. Rea, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, T. Reposeur, S. Ritz, A.Y. Rodriguez, R.W. Romani, M. Roth, F. Ryde, H.F.-W. Sadrozinski, D. Sanchez, A. Sander, P.M. Saz Parkinson, J.D. Scargle, C. Sgrò, E.J. Siskind, D.A. Smith, P.D. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, M.S. Strickman, D.J. Suson, H. Tajima, H. Takahashi, T. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, J.B. Thayer, J.G. Thayer, D.J. Thompson, L. Tibaldo, D.F. Torres, G. Tosti, A. Tramacere, Y. Uchiyama, T.L. Usher, A. Van Etten, V. Vasileiou, C. Venter, N. Vilchez, V. Vitale, A.P. Waite, P. Wang, P. Weltevrede, B.L. Winer, K.S. Wood, T. Ylinen, M. Ziegler, Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of the Vela-X pulsar wind nebula. Astrophys. J. 713, 146–153 (2010b). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/713/1/146

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Allafort, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, K. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, R.D. Blandford, E. Bonamente, A.W. Borgland, J. Bregeon, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, R. Buehler, S. Buson, G.A. Caliandro, R.A. Cameron, F. Camilo, P.A. Caraveo, C. Cecchi, E. Charles, S. Chaty, A. Chekhtman, M. Chernyakova, C.C. Cheung, J. Chiang, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, L.R. Cominsky, S. Corbel, S. Cutini, F. D’Ammando, A. de Angelis, P.R. den Hartog, F. de Palma, C.D. Dermer, S.W. Digel, E.d.C.e. Silva, M. Dormody, P.S. Drell, A. Drlica-Wagner, R. Dubois, G. Dubus, D. Dumora, T. Enoto, C.M. Espinoza, C. Favuzzi, S.J. Fegan, E.C. Ferrara, W.B. Focke, P. Fortin, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, N. Gehrels, S. Germani, N. Giglietto, P. Giommi, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, I.A. Grenier, M.-H. Grondin, J.E. Grove, E. Grundstrom, S. Guiriec, C. Gwon, D. Hadasch, A.K. Harding, M. Hayashida, E. Hays, G. Jóhannesson, A.S. Johnson, T.J. Johnson, S. Johnston, T. Kamae, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, M. Keith, M. Kerr, J. Knödlseder, M. Kramer, M. Kuss, J. Lande, S.-H. Lee, M. Lemoine-Goumard, F. Longo, F. Loparco, M.N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, R.N. Manchester, M. Marelli, M.N. Mazziotta, P.F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, A.A. Moiseev, C. Monte, M.E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I.V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, T. Nakamori, M. Naumann-Godo, A. Neronov, P.L. Nolan, J.P. Norris, A. Noutsos, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, A. Okumura, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, D. Paneque, D. Parent, M. Pesce-Rollins, M. Pierbattista, F. Piron, T.A. Porter, A. Possenti, S. Rainò, R. Rando, P.S. Ray, M. Razzano, S. Razzaque, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, T. Reposeur, S. Ritz, H.F.-W. Sadrozinski, J.D. Scargle, C. Sgrò, R. Shannon, E.J. Siskind, P.D. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, M.S. Strickman, D.J. Suson, H. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, J.G. Thayer, J.B. Thayer, D.J. Thompson, S.E. Thorsett, L. Tibaldo, O. Tibolla, D.F. Torres, G. Tosti, E. Troja, Y. Uchiyama, T.L. Usher, J. Vandenbroucke, V. Vasileiou, G. Vianello, V. Vitale, A.P. Waite, P. Wang, B.L. Winer, M.T. Wolff, D.L. Wood, K.S. Wood, Z. Yang, M. Ziegler, S. Zimmer, Discovery of high-energy gamma-ray emission from the binary system PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 around periastron with Fermi. Astrophys. J. Lett. 736, 11 (2011a). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L11

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Allafort, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, K. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, R.D. Blandford, E.D. Bloom, E. Bonamente, A.W. Borgland, A. Bouvier, T.J. Brandt, J. Bregeon, A. Brez, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, R. Buehler, S. Buson, G.A. Caliandro, R.A. Cameron, A. Cannon, P.A. Caraveo, J.M. Casandjian, Ö. Çelik, E. Charles, A. Chekhtman, C.C. Cheung, J. Chiang, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, L. Costamante, S. Cutini, F. D’Ammando, C.D. Dermer, A. de Angelis, A. de Luca, F. de Palma, S.W. Digel, E. do Couto e Silva, P.S. Drell, A. Drlica-Wagner, R. Dubois, D. Dumora, C. Favuzzi, S.J. Fegan, E.C. Ferrara, W.B. Focke, P. Fortin, M. Frailis, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, N. Gehrels, S. Germani, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, I.A. Grenier, M.-H. Grondin, J.E. Grove, S. Guiriec, D. Hadasch, Y. Hanabata, A.K. Harding, K. Hayashi, M. Hayashida, E. Hays, D. Horan, R. Itoh, G. Jóhannesson, A.S. Johnson, T.J. Johnson, D. Khangulyan, T. Kamae, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, M. Kerr, J. Knödlseder, M. Kuss, J. Lande, L. Latronico, S.-H. Lee, M. Lemoine-Goumard, F. Longo, F. Loparco, P. Lubrano, G.M. Madejski, A. Makeev, M. Marelli, M.N. Mazziotta, J.E. McEnery, P.F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, A.A. Moiseev, C. Monte, M.E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I.V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, T. Nakamori, M. Naumann-Godo, P.L. Nolan, J.P. Norris, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, A. Okumura, N. Omodei, J.F. Ormes, M. Ozaki, D. Paneque, D. Parent, V. Pelassa, M. Pepe, M. Pesce-Rollins, M. Pierbattista, F. Piron, T.A. Porter, S. Rainò, R. Rando, P.S. Ray, M. Razzano, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, T. Reposeur, S. Ritz, R.W. Romani, H.F.-W. Sadrozinski, D. Sanchez, P.M.S. Parkinson, J.D. Scargle, T.L. Schalk, C. Sgrò, E.J. Siskind, P.D. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, M.S. Strickman, D.J. Suson, H. Takahashi, T. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, J.B. Thayer, D.J. Thompson, L. Tibaldo, D.F. Torres, G. Tosti, A. Tramacere, E. Troja, Y. Uchiyama, J. Vandenbroucke, V. Vasileiou, G. Vianello, V. Vitale, P. Wang, K.S. Wood, Z. Yang, M. Ziegler, Gamma-ray flares from the Crab Nebula. Science 331, 739 (2011b). doi:10.1126/science.1199705

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.A. Abdo, M. Ajello, A. Allafort, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, M.G. Baring, D. Bastieri, A. Belfiore, R. Bellazzini, et al., The second Fermi Large Area Telescope catalog of gamma-ray pulsars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 208, 17 (2013). doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/17

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Abramowski, F. Acero, F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, G. Anton, S. Balenderan, A. Balzer, A. Barnacka, Y. Becherini, J. Becker Tjus, K. Bernlöhr, E. Birsin, J. Biteau, A. Bochow, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, P. Bordas, J. Brucker, F. Brun, P. Brun, T. Bulik, S. Carrigan, S. Casanova, M. Cerruti, P.M. Chadwick, A. Charbonnier, R.C.G. Chaves, A. Cheesebrough, G. Cologna, J. Conrad, C. Couturier, M. Dalton, M.K. Daniel, I.D. Davids, B. Degrange, C. Deil, P. deWilt, H.J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, W. Domainko, L.O.. Drury, F. Dubois, G. Dubus, K. Dutson, J. Dyks, M. Dyrda, K. Egberts, P. Eger, P. Espigat, L. Fallon, C. Farnier, S. Fegan, F. Feinstein, M.V. Fernandes, D. Fernandez, A. Fiasson, G. Fontaine, A. Förster, M. Füßling, M. Gajdus, Y.A. Gallant, T. Garrigoux, H. Gast, B. Giebels, J.F. Glicenstein, B. Glück, D. Göring, M.-H. Grondin, S. Häffner, J.D. Hague, J. Hahn, D. Hampf, J. Harris, S. Heinz, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, A. Hillert, J.A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, P. Hofverberg, M. Holler, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, C. Jahn, M. Jamrozy, I. Jung, M.A. Kastendieck, K. Katarzyński, U. Katz, S. Kaufmann, B. Khélifi, D. Klochkov, W. Kluźniak, T. Kneiske, N. Komin, K. Kosack, R. Kossakowski, F. Krayzel, P.P. Krüger, H. Laffon, G. Lamanna, J.-P. Lenain, D. Lennarz, T. Lohse, A. Lopatin, C.-C. Lu, V. Marandon, A. Marcowith, J. Masbou, G. Maurin, N. Maxted, M. Mayer, T.J.L. McComb, M.C. Medina, J. Méhault, U. Menzler, R. Moderski, M. Mohamed, E. Moulin, C.L. Naumann, M. Naumann-Godo, M. de Naurois, D. Nedbal, N. Nguyen, J. Niemiec, S.J. Nolan, S. Ohm, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, B. Opitz, M. Ostrowski, I. Oya, M. Panter, D. Parsons, M. Paz Arribas, N.W. Pekeur, G. Pelletier, J. Perez, P.-O. Petrucci, B. Peyaud, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, A. Quirrenbach, M. Raue, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, M. Renaud, R. de los Reyes, F. Rieger, J. Ripken, L. Rob, S. Rosier-Lees, G. Rowell, B. Rudak, C.B. Rulten, V. Sahakian, D.A. Sanchez, A. Santangelo, R. Schlickeiser, A. Schulz, U. Schwanke, S. Schwarzburg, S. Schwemmer, F. Sheidaei, J.L. Skilton, H. Sol, G. Spengler, Ł. Stawarz, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, F. Stinzing, K. Stycz, I. Sushch, A. Szostek, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, M. Tluczykont, C. Trichard, K. Valerius, C. van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, A. Viana, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, F. Volpe, S. Vorobiov, M. Vorster, S.J. Wagner, M. Ward, R. White, A. Wierzcholska, D. Wouters, M. Zacharias, A. Zajczyk, A.A. Zdziarski, A. Zech, H.-S. Zechlin, Probing the extent of the non-thermal emission from the Vela X region at TeV energies with H.E.S.S. Astron. Astrophys. 548, 38 (2012). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219919

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Acero, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Allafort, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, K. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, R.D. Blandford, E.D. Bloom, E. Bonamente, E. Bottacini, T.J. Brandt, J. Bregeon, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, R. Buehler, S. Buson, G.A. Caliandro, R.A. Cameron, P.A. Caraveo, C. Cecchi, E. Charles, R.C.G. Chaves, A. Chekhtman, J. Chiang, G. Chiaro, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, J. Conrad, S. Cutini, M. Dalton, F. D’Ammando, F. de Palma, C.D. Dermer, L. Di Venere, E.d.C.e. Silva, P.S. Drell, A. Drlica-Wagner, L. Falletti, C. Favuzzi, S.J. Fegan, E.C. Ferrara, W.B. Focke, A. Franckowiak, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, T. Grégoire, I.A. Grenier, M.-H. Grondin, J.E. Grove, S. Guiriec, D. Hadasch, Y. Hanabata, A.K. Harding, M. Hayashida, K. Hayashi, E. Hays, J. Hewitt, A.B. Hill, D. Horan, X. Hou, R.E. Hughes, Y. Inoue, M.S. Jackson, T. Jogler, G. Jóhannesson, A.S. Johnson, T. Kamae, T. Kawano, M. Kerr, J. Knödlseder, M. Kuss, J. Lande, S. Larsson, L. Latronico, M. Lemoine-Goumard, F. Longo, F. Loparco, M.N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, M. Marelli, F. Massaro, M. Mayer, M.N. Mazziotta, J.E. McEnery, J. Mehault, P.F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, C. Monte, M.E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I.V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, T. Nakamori, R. Nemmen, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, A. Okumura, M. Orienti, E. Orlando, J.F. Ormes, D. Paneque, J.H. Panetta, J.S. Perkins, M. Pesce-Rollins, F. Piron, G. Pivato, T.A. Porter, S. Rainò, R. Rando, M. Razzano, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, T. Reposeur, S. Ritz, M. Roth, R. Rousseau, P.M. Saz Parkinson, A. Schulz, C. Sgrò, E.J. Siskind, D.A. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, D.J. Suson, H. Takahashi, Y. Takeuchi, J.G. Thayer, J.B. Thayer, D.J. Thompson, L. Tibaldo, O. Tibolla, M. Tinivella, D.F. Torres, G. Tosti, E. Troja, Y. Uchiyama, J. Vandenbroucke, V. Vasileiou, G. Vianello, V. Vitale, M. Werner, B.L. Winer, K.S. Wood, Z. Yang, Constraints on the Galactic population of TeV pulsar wind nebulae using Fermi Large Area Telescope observations. Astrophys. J. 773, 77 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/1/77

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Achterberg, Y.A. Gallant, J.G. Kirk, A.W. Guthmann, Particle acceleration by ultrarelativistic shocks: Theory and simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328, 393–408 (2001). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04851.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.A. Aharonian, A.A. Belyanin, E.V. Derishev, V.V. Kocharovsky, V.V. Kocharovsky, Constraints on the extremely high-energy cosmic ray accelerators from classical electrodynamics. Phys. Rev. D 66(2), 023005 (2002). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.66.023005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, K.-M. Aye, A.R. Bazer-Bachi, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, D. Berge, P. Berghaus, K. Bernlöhr, C. Boisson, O. Bolz, I. Braun, F. Breitling, A.M. Brown, J. Bussons Gordo, P.M. Chadwick, L.-M. Chounet, R. Cornils, L. Costamante, B. Degrange, A. Djannati-Ataï, L.C. O’Drury, G. Dubus, D. Emmanoulopoulos, P. Espigat, F. Feinstein, P. Fleury, G. Fontaine, Y. Fuchs, S. Funk, Y.A. Gallant, B. Giebels, S. Gillessen, J.F. Glicenstein, P. Goret, C. Hadjichristidis, M. Hauser, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J.A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, M. Holleran, D. Horns, O.C. de Jager, S. Johnston, B. Khélifi, J.G. Kirk, N. Komin, A. Konopelko, I.J. Latham, R. Le Gallou, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, N. Leroy, O. Martineau-Huynh, T. Lohse, A. Marcowith, C. Masterson, T.J.L. McComb, M. de Naurois, S.J. Nolan, A. Noutsos, K.J. Orford, J.L. Osborne, M. Ouchrif, M. Panter, G. Pelletier, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, B.C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, J. Raux, S.M. Rayner, I. Redondo, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. Ripken, L. Rob, L. Rolland, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, L. Saugé, S. Schlenker, R. Schlickeiser, C. Schuster, U. Schwanke, M. Siewert, O. Skjæraasen, H. Sol, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, C.G. Théoret, M. Tluczykont, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, S.J. Wagner, Discovery of the binary pulsar PSR B1259-63 in very-high-energy gamma rays around periastron with HESS. Astron. Astrophys. 442, 1–10 (2005). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052983

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, A.R. Bazer-Bachi, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, D. Berge, K. Bernlöhr, C. Boisson, O. Bolz, V. Borrel, I. Braun, A.M. Brown, R. Bühler, I. Büsching, S. Carrigan, P.M. Chadwick, L.-M. Chounet, R. Cornils, L. Costamante, B. Degrange, H.J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, L.C. O’Drury, G. Dubus, K. Egberts, D. Emmanoulopoulos, P. Espigat, F. Feinstein, E. Ferrero, A. Fiasson, G. Fontaine, S. Funk, S. Funk, M. Füßling, Y.A. Gallant, B. Giebels, J.F. Glicenstein, P. Goret, C. Hadjichristidis, D. Hauser, M. Hauser, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J.A. Hinton, A. Hoffmann, W. Hofmann, M. Holleran, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, O.C. de Jager, E. Kendziorra, B. Khélifi, N. Komin, A. Konopelko, K. Kosack, I.J. Latham, R. Le Gallou, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, T. Lohse, J.M. Martin, O. Martineau-Huynh, A. Marcowith, C. Masterson, G. Maurin, T.J.L. McComb, E. Moulin, M. de Naurois, D. Nedbal, S.J. Nolan, A. Noutsos, K.J. Orford, J.L. Osborne, M. Ouchrif, M. Panter, G. Pelletier, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, B.C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, S.M. Rayner, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. Ripken, L. Rob, L. Rolland, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, A. Santangelo, L. Saugé, S. Schlenker, R. Schlickeiser, R. Schröder, U. Schwanke, S. Schwarzburg, A. Shalchi, H. Sol, D. Spangler, F. Spanier, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, G. Superina, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, C.G. Théoret, M. Tluczykont, C. van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, S.J. Wagner, M. Ward, Energy dependent \(\gamma\)-ray morphology in the pulsar wind nebula HESS J1825-137. Astron. Astrophys. 460, 365–374 (2006a). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065546

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, A.R. Bazer-Bachi, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, D. Berge, K. Bernlöhr, C. Boisson, O. Bolz, V. Borrel, I. Braun, F. Breitling, A.M. Brown, R. Bühler, I. Büsching, S. Carrigan, P.M. Chadwick, L.-M. Chounet, R. Cornils, L. Costamante, B. Degrange, H.J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, L.C. O’Drury, G. Dubus, K. Egberts, D. Emmanoulopoulos, B. Epinat, P. Espigat, F. Feinstein, E. Ferrero, G. Fontaine, S. Funk, S. Funk, Y.A. Gallant, B. Giebels, J.F. Glicenstein, P. Goret, C. Hadjichristidis, D. Hauser, M. Hauser, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J.A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, M. Holleran, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, O.C. de Jager, B. Khélifi, N. Komin, A. Konopelko, I.J. Latham, R. Le Gallou, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, T. Lohse, J.M. Martin, O. Martineau-Huynh, A. Marcowith, C. Masterson, T.J.L. McComb, M. de Naurois, D. Nedbal, S.J. Nolan, A. Noutsos, K.J. Orford, J.L. Osborne, M. Ouchrif, M. Panter, G. Pelletier, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, B.C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, S.M. Rayner, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. Ripken, L. Rob, L. Rolland, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, L. Saugé, S. Schlenker, R. Schlickeiser, U. Schwanke, H. Sol, D. Spangler, F. Spanier, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, G. Superina, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, C.G. Théoret, M. Tluczykont, C. van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, S.J. Wagner, M. Ward, First detection of a VHE gamma-ray spectral maximum from a cosmic source: HESS discovery of the Vela X nebula. Astron. Astrophys. 448, 43–47 (2006b). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600014

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, A.R. Bazer-Bachi, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, D. Berge, K. Bernlöhr, C. Boisson, O. Bolz, V. Borrel, I. Braun, F. Breitling, A.M. Brown, R. Bühler, I. Büsching, S. Carrigan, P.M. Chadwick, L.-M. Chounet, R. Cornils, L. Costamante, B. Degrange, H.J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, L.C. O’Drury, G. Dubus, K. Egberts, D. Emmanoulopoulos, B. Epinat, P. Espigat, F. Feinstein, E. Ferrero, G. Fontaine, S. Funk, S. Funk, Y.A. Gallant, B. Giebels, J.F. Glicenstein, P. Goret, C. Hadjichristidis, D. Hauser, M. Hauser, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J.A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, M. Holleran, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, O.C. de Jager, B. Khélifi, N. Komin, A. Konopelko, I.J. Latham, R. Le Gallou, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, T. Lohse, J.M. Martin, O. Martineau-Huynh, A. Marcowith, C. Masterson, T.J.L. McComb, M. de Naurois, D. Nedbal, S.J. Nolan, A. Noutsos, K.J. Orford, J.L. Osborne, M. Ouchrif, M. Panter, G. Pelletier, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, B.C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, S.M. Rayner, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. Ripken, L. Rob, L. Rolland, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, L. Saugé, S. Schlenker, R. Schlickeiser, U. Schwanke, H. Sol, D. Spangler, F. Spanier, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, G. Superina, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, C.G. Théoret, M. Tluczykont, C. van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, S.J. Wagner, M. Ward, First detection of a VHE gamma-ray spectral maximum from a cosmic source: HESS discovery of the Vela X nebula. Astron. Astrophys. 448, 43–47 (2006c). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600014

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, A.R. Bazer-Bachi, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, D. Berge, K. Bernlöhr, C. Boisson, O. Bolz, V. Borrel, I. Braun, F. Breitling, A.M. Brown, R. Bühler, I. Büsching, S. Carrigan, P.M. Chadwick, L.-M. Chounet, R. Cornils, L. Costamante, B. Degrange, H.J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, L.C. O’Drury, G. Dubus, K. Egberts, D. Emmanoulopoulos, P. Espigat, F. Feinstein, E. Ferrero, A. Fiasson, G. Fontaine, S. Funk, S. Funk, Y.A. Gallant, B. Giebels, J.F. Glicenstein, P. Goret, C. Hadjichristidis, D. Hauser, M. Hauser, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J.A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, M. Holleran, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, O.C. de Jager, B. Khélifi, N. Komin, A. Konopelko, K. Kosack, I.J. Latham, R. Le Gallou, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, T. Lohse, J.M. Martin, O. Martineau-Huynh, A. Marcowith, C. Masterson, T.J.L. McComb, M. de Naurois, D. Nedbal, S.J. Nolan, A. Noutsos, K.J. Orford, J.L. Osborne, M. Ouchrif, M. Panter, G. Pelletier, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, B.C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, S.M. Rayner, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. Ripken, L. Rob, L. Rolland, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, L. Saugé, S. Schlenker, R. Schlickeiser, U. Schwanke, H. Sol, D. Spangler, F. Spanier, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, G. Superina, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, C.G. Théoret, M. Tluczykont, C. van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, S.J. Wagner, M. Ward, Observations of the Crab Nebula with HESS. Astron. Astrophys. 457, 899–915 (2006d). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065351

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, A.R. Bazer-Bachi, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, D. Berge, K. Bernlöhr, C. Boisson, O. Bolz, V. Borrel, I. Braun, F. Breitling, A.M. Brown, P.M. Chadwick, L.-M. Chounet, R. Cornils, L. Costamante, B. Degrange, H.J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, L.O. Drury, G. Dubus, D. Emmanoulopoulos, P. Espigat, F. Feinstein, G. Fontaine, Y. Fuchs, S. Funk, Y.A. Gallant, B. Giebels, S. Gillessen, J.F. Glicenstein, P. Goret, C. Hadjichristidis, M. Hauser, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J.A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, M. Holleran, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, O.C. de Jager, B. Khélifi, N. Komin, A. Konopelko, I.J. Latham, R. Le Gallou, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, N. Leroy, T. Lohse, J.M. Martin, O. Martineau-Huynh, A. Marcowith, C. Masterson, T.J.L. McComb, M. de Naurois, S.J. Nolan, A. Noutsos, K.J. Orford, J.L. Osborne, M. Ouchrif, M. Panter, G. Pelletier, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, B.C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, J. Raux, S.M. Rayner, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. Ripken, L. Rob, L. Rolland, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, L. Saugé, S. Schlenker, R. Schlickeiser, C. Schuster, U. Schwanke, M. Siewert, H. Sol, D. Spangler, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, C.G. Théoret, M. Tluczykont, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, S.J. Wagner, The H.E.S.S. survey of the inner Galaxy in very high energy gamma rays. Astrophys. J. 636, 777–797 (2006e). doi:10.1086/498013

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Aliu, S. Archambault, T. Aune, W. Benbow, K. Berger, R. Bird, A. Bouvier, J.H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, K. Byrum, M. Cerruti, X. Chen, L. Ciupik, M.P. Connolly, W. Cui, J. Dumm, M. Errando, A. Falcone, S. Federici, Q. Feng, J.P. Finley, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, G.H. Gillanders, S. Griffin, S.T. Griffiths, J. Grube, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T.B. Humensky, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, Y. Khassen, D. Kieda, F. Krennrich, S. Kumar, M.J. Lang, M. Lyutikov, G. Maier, S. McArthur, A. McCann, K. Meagher, J. Millis, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, A. O’Faoláin de Bhróithe, R.A. Ong, A.N. Otte, N. Park, J.S. Perkins, M. Pohl, A. Popkow, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, J. Rajotte, L.C. Reyes, P.T. Reynolds, G.T. Richards, E. Roache, G.H. Sembroski, F. Sheidaei, A.W. Smith, D. Staszak, I. Telezhinsky, M. Theiling, J.V. Tucci, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S.P. Wakely, T.C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, R. Welsing, D.A. Williams, A. Zajczyk, B. Zitzer, A search for enhanced very high energy gamma-ray emission from the 2013 March Crab Nebula flare. Astrophys. J. Lett. 781, 11 (2014). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/781/1/L11

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Amato, The theory of pulsar wind nebulae. Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 28, 60160 (2014). doi:10.1142/S2010194514601604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Arons, On the coupling of rotation powered pulsars to plerionic nebulae. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 69, 989 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Arons, Pulsar wind nebulae as cosmic pevatrons: A current sheet’s tale. Space Sci. Rev. 173, 341–367 (2012). doi:10.1007/s11214-012-9885-1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Arons, D.C. Backer, A. Spitkovsky, V.M. Kaspi, Probing relativistic winds: The case of PSR J0737-3039 A and B, in Binary Radio Pulsars, ed. by F.A. Rasio, I.H. Stairs Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 328, 2005, p. 95

    Google Scholar 

  • A.M. Atoyan, F.A. Aharonian, On the mechanisms of gamma radiation in the Crab Nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 278, 525–541 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Auchettl, P. Slane, R.W. Romani, B. Posselt, G.G. Pavlov, O. Kargaltsev, C. Ng, T. Temim, M.C. Weisskopf, A. Bykov, D.A. Swartz, X-ray analysis of the proper motion and pulsar wind nebula for PSR J1741-2054. ArXiv e-prints (2015)

  • M. Balbo, R. Walter, C. Ferrigno, P. Bordas, Twelve-hour spikes from the Crab Pevatron. Astron. Astrophys. 527, 4 (2011). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015980

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Bamba, K. Mori, S. Shibata, Chandra view of pulsar wind nebula tori. Astrophys. J. 709, 507–511 (2010). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/709/1/507

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Bandiera, On the X-ray feature associated with the Guitar nebula. Astron. Astrophys. 490, 3–6 (2008). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810666

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Bartko, W. Bednarek, \(\gamma\)-Ray emission from PWNe interacting with molecular clouds. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 385, 1105–1109 (2008). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12870.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Bednarek, W. Idec, On the variability of the GeV and multi-TeV gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 2229–2234 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18539.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Begelman, Instability of toroidal magnetic field in jets and plerions. Astrophys. J. 493, 291–300 (1998). doi:10.1086/305119

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Begelman, Z.-Y. Li, An axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic model for the Crab pulsar wind bubble. Astrophys. J. 397, 187–195 (1992). doi:10.1086/171778

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.F. Bietenholz, J.J. Hester, D.A. Frail, N. Bartel, The Crab Nebula’s wisps in radio and optical. Astrophys. J. 615, 794–804 (2004). doi:10.1086/424653

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.F. Bietenholz, Y. Yuan, R. Buehler, A.P. Lobanov, R. Blandford, The variability of the Crab Nebula in radio: No radio counterpart to gamma-ray flares. ArXiv e-prints (2014)

  • R. Blandford, D. Eichler, Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin. Phys. Rep. 154, 1–75 (1987). doi:10.1016/0370-1573(87)90134-7

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.R. Blumenthal, R.J. Gould, Bremsstrahlung, synchrotron radiation, and Compton scattering of high-energy electrons traversing dilute gases. Rev. Mod. Phys. 42, 237–271 (1970). doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.42.237

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.C.-J. Bock, D.A. Frail, R.J. Sault, A.J. Green, D.K. Milne, New observations of the Vela X region. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 69, 919 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.V. Bogovalov, On the physics of cold MHD winds from oblique rotators. Astron. Astrophys. 349, 1017–1026 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.V. Bogovalov, D.V. Khangoulian, On the origin of the torus and jet-like structures in the centre of the Crab Nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 336, 53–55 (2002). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.06027.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V. Bosch-Ramon, M.V. Barkov, D. Khangulyan, M. Perucho, Simulations of stellar/pulsar-wind interaction along one full orbit. Astron. Astrophys. 544, 59 (2012). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219251

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Brownsberger, R.W. Romani, A Survey for H\(\alpha\) Pulsar Bow Shocks. Astrophys. J. 784, 154 (2014). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/2/154

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Bucciantini, Pulsar wind nebulae modeling. Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 28, 60162 (2014). doi:10.1142/S2010194514601628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Bucciantini, E. Amato, L. Del Zanna, Relativistic MHD simulations of pulsar bow-shock nebulae. Astron. Astrophys. 434, 189–199 (2005). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042205

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Bucciantini, J. Arons, E. Amato, Modelling spectral evolution of pulsar wind nebulae inside supernova remnants. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410, 381–398 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17449.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Buehler, J.D. Scargle, R.D. Blandford, L. Baldini, M.G. Baring, A. Belfiore, E. Charles, J. Chiang, F. D’Ammando, C.D. Dermer, S. Funk, J.E. Grove, A.K. Harding, E. Hays, M. Kerr, F. Massaro, M.N. Mazziotta, R.W. Romani, P.M. Saz Parkinson, A.F. Tennant, M.C. Weisskopf, Gamma-ray activity in the Crab Nebula: The exceptional flare of 2011 April. Astrophys. J. 749, 26 (2012). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/26

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Bühler, R. Blandford, The surprising Crab pulsar and its nebula: a review. Rep. Prog. Phys. 77(6), 066901 (2014). doi:10.1088/0034-4885/77/6/066901

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.M. Bykov, G.G. Pavlov, A.V. Artemyev, Y.A. Uvarov, Twinkling pulsar wind nebulae in the synchrotron cut-off regime and the \(\gamma\)-ray flares in the Crab Nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 421, 67–71 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01208.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.A. Caliandro, C.C. Teddy Cheung, J. Li, D.F. Torres, K. Wood, High energy $\(\backslash\)gamma$-ray emission from PSR B1259$-$63 during 2014 and 2010 periastron passages. ArXiv e-prints (2015)

  • N.F. Camus, S.S. Komissarov, N. Bucciantini, P.A. Hughes, Observations of ‘wisps’ in magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the Crab Nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 400, 1241–1246 (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15550.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Carrigan, F. Brun, R.C.G. Chaves, C. Deil, A. Donath, H. Gast, V. Marandon, M. Renaud (H.E.S.S. Collaboration), The H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey—maps, source catalog and source population. ArXiv e-prints (2013)

  • B. Cerutti, D.A. Uzdensky, M.C. Begelman, Extreme particle acceleration in magnetic reconnection layers: Application to the gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. 746, 148 (2012a). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/148

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Cerutti, G.R. Werner, D.A. Uzdensky, M.C. Begelman, Beaming and rapid variability of high-energy radiation from relativistic pair plasma reconnection. Astrophys. J. Lett. 754, 33 (2012b). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/L33

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Cerutti, G.R. Werner, D.A. Uzdensky, M.C. Begelman, Simulations of particle acceleration beyond the classical synchrotron burnoff limit in magnetic reconnection: An explanation of the Crab flares. Astrophys. J. 770, 147 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/147

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Cerutti, G.R. Werner, D.A. Uzdensky, M.C. Begelman, Three-dimensional relativistic pair plasma reconnection with radiative feedback in the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. 782, 104 (2014). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/782/2/104

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Chatterjee, J.M. Cordes, Bow shocks from neutron stars: Scaling laws and Hubble Space Telescope observations of the Guitar Nebula. Astrophys. J. 575, 407–418 (2002). doi:10.1086/341139

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Chernyakova, A.A. Abdo, A. Neronov, M.V. McSwain, J. Moldón, M. Ribó, J.M. Paredes, I. Sushch, M. de Naurois, U. Schwanke, Y. Uchiyama, K. Wood, S. Johnston, S. Chaty, A. Coleiro, D. Malyshev, I. Babyk, Multiwavelength observations of the binary system PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 around the 2010–2011 periastron passage. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439, 432–445 (2014). doi:10.1093/mnras/stu021

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Clausen-Brown, M. Lyutikov, Crab nebula gamma-ray flares as relativistic reconnection minijets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 426, 1374–1384 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21349.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Contopoulos, The magnetic field topology in the reconnecting pulsar magnetosphere. Astron. Astrophys. 472, 219–223 (2007). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077167

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • O.C. de Jager, A.K. Harding, The expected high-energy to ultra-high-energy gamma-ray spectrum of the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. 396, 161–172 (1992). doi:10.1086/171706

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O.C. de Jager, A.K. Harding, P.F. Michelson, H.I. Nel, P.L. Nolan, P. Sreekumar, D.J. Thompson, Gamma-ray observations of the Crab Nebula: A study of the synchro-Compton spectrum. Astrophys. J. 457, 253 (1996). doi:10.1086/176726

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O.C. de Jager, P.O. Slane, S. LaMassa, Probing the radio to X-ray connection of the Vela X pulsar wind nebula with Fermi LAT and H.E.S.S. Astrophys. J. Lett. 689, 125–128 (2008). doi:10.1086/595959

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O.C. de Jager, A. Djannati-Ataï, Implications of HESS observations of pulsar wind nebulae, in Neutron Stars and Pulsars, ed. by W. Becker Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 357, 2009, p. 451. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76965-1_17

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • A. De Luca, R.P. Mignani, M. Marelli, D. Salvetti, N. Sartore, A. Belfiore, P. Saz Parkinson, P.A. Caraveo, G.F. Bignami, PSR J0357+3205: A fast-moving pulsar with a very unusual X-ray trail. Astrophys. J. Lett. 765, 19 (2013). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L19

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Del Zanna, E. Amato, N. Bucciantini, Axially symmetric relativistic MHD simulations of pulsar wind nebulae in supernova remnants. On the origin of torus and jet-like features. Astron. Astrophys. 421, 1063–1073 (2004). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035936

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Del Zanna, D. Volpi, E. Amato, N. Bucciantini, Simulated synchrotron emission from pulsar wind nebulae. Astron. Astrophys. 453, 621–633 (2006). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064858

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • R. Dodson, D. Lewis, D. McConnell, A.A. Deshpande, The radio nebula surrounding the Vela pulsar. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 343, 116–124 (2003). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06653.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Dubus, Gamma-ray binaries and related systems. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 21, 64 (2013). doi:10.1007/s00159-013-0064-5

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Dubus, B. Cerutti, G. Henri, Relativistic Doppler-boosted emission in gamma-ray binaries. Astron. Astrophys. 516, 18 (2010). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014023

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • G. Dubus, B. Cerutti, What caused the GeV flare of PSR B1259-63? Astron. Astrophys. 557, 127 (2013). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321741

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Durant, O. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, C. Chang, G.P. Garmire, Extended X-ray emission in the vicinity of the microquasar LS 5039: Pulsar wind nebula? Astrophys. J. 735, 58 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/1/58

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Durant, O. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, J. Kropotina, K. Levenfish, The helical jet of the Vela pulsar. Astrophys. J. 763, 72 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/763/2/72

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.T. Emmering, R.A. Chevalier, Shocked relativistic magnetohydrodynamic flows with application to pulsar winds. Astrophys. J. 321, 334–348 (1987). doi:10.1086/165632

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Enomoto, K. Tsuchiya, Y. Adachi, S. Kabuki, P.G. Edwards, A. Asahara, G.V. Bicknell, R.W. Clay, Y. Doi, S. Gunji, S. Hara, T. Hara, T. Hattori, S. Hayashi, Y. Higashi, R. Inoue, C. Itoh, F. Kajino, H. Katagiri, A. Kawachi, S. Kawasaki, T. Kifune, R. Kiuchi, K. Konno, L.T. Ksenofontov, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, Y. Matsubara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Mori, H. Muraishi, Y. Muraki, T. Naito, T. Nakamori, D. Nishida, K. Nishijima, M. Ohishi, J.R. Patterson, R.J. Protheroe, Y. Sakamoto, M. Sato, S. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, D.L. Swaby, T. Tanimori, H. Tanimura, G.J. Thornton, S. Watanabe, T. Yamaoka, M. Yamazaki, S. Yanagita, T. Yoshida, T. Yoshikoshi, M. Yuasa, Y. Yukawa, A search for sub-TeV gamma rays from the Vela pulsar region with CANGAROO-III. Astrophys. J. 638, 397–408 (2006). doi:10.1086/498858

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Fortson (CTA Consortium), Science with the Cherenkov Telescope Array, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts. American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, vol. 225, 2015, pp. 336–403

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Frail, M.F. Bietenholz, C.B. Markwardt, A radio/X-ray comparison of the Vela X region. Astrophys. J. 475, 224–230 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.M. Gaensler, E. van der Swaluw, F. Camilo, V.M. Kaspi, F.K. Baganoff, F. Yusef-Zadeh, R.N. Manchester, The mouse that soared: High-resolution X-ray imaging of the pulsar-powered bow shock G359.23-0.82. Astrophys. J. 616, 383–402 (2004). doi:10.1086/424906

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.M. Gaensler, P.O. Slane, The evolution and structure of pulsar wind nebulae. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44, 17–47 (2006). doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092528

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Gelfand, P.O. Slane, W. Zhang, A dynamical model for the evolution of a pulsar wind nebula inside a nonradiative supernova remnant. Astrophys. J. 703, 2051–2067 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/2051

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.-H. Grondin, R.W. Romani, M. Lemoine-Goumard, L. Guillemot, A.K. Harding, T. Reposeur, The Vela-X pulsar wind nebula revisited with four years of Fermi Large Area Telescope observations. Astrophys. J. 774, 110 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/774/2/110

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.W. Guilbert, A.C. Fabian, M.J. Rees, Spectral and variability constraints on compact sources. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 205, 593–603 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Guo, H. Li, W. Daughton, Y.-H. Liu, Formation of hard power laws in the energetic particle spectra resulting from relativistic magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(15), 155005 (2014). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.155005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.E.S.S. Collaboration, A. Abramowski, F. Acero, F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, G. Anton, S. Balenderan, A. Balzer, A. Barnacka, Y. Becherini, J. Becker Tjus, K. Bernlöhr, E. Birsin, J. Biteau, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, P. Bordas, J. Brucker, F. Brun, P. Brun, T. Bulik, S. Carrigan, S. Casanova, M. Cerruti, P.M. Chadwick, R.C.G. Chaves, A. Cheesebrough, S. Colafrancesco, G. Cologna, J. Conrad, C. Couturier, M. Dalton, M.K. Daniel, I.D. Davids, B. Degrange, C. Deil, P. deWilt, H.J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, W. Domainko, L.O. Drury, G. Dubus, K. Dutson, J. Dyks, M. Dyrda, K. Egberts, P. Eger, P. Espigat, L. Fallon, C. Farnier, S. Fegan, F. Feinstein, M.V. Fernandes, D. Fernandez, A. Fiasson, G. Fontaine, A. Förster, M. Füßling, M. Gajdus, Y.A. Gallant, T. Garrigoux, H. Gast, B. Giebels, J.F. Glicenstein, B. Glück, D. Göring, M.-H. Grondin, M. Grudzińska, S. Häer, J.D. Hague, J. Hahn, D. Hampf, J. Harris, S. Heinz, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, A. Hillert, J.A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, P. Hofverberg, M. Holler, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, C. Jahn, M. Jamrozy, I. Jung, M.A. Kastendieck, K. Katarzyński, U. Katz, S. Kaufmann, B. Khélifi, S. Klepser, D. Klochkov, W. Kluźniak, T. Kneiske, D. Kolitzus, N. Komin, K. Kosack, R. Kossakowski, F. Krayzel, P.P. Krüger, H. Lan, G. Lamanna, J. Lefaucheur, M. Lemoine-Goumard, J.-P. Lenain, D. Lennarz, T. Lohse, A. Lopatin, C.-C. Lu, V. Marandon, A. Marcowith, J. Masbou, G. Maurin, N. Maxted, M. Mayer, T.J.L. McComb, M.C. Medina, J. Méhault, U. Menzler, R. Moderski, M. Mohamed, E. Moulin, C.L. Naumann, M. Naumann-Godo, M. de Naurois, D. Nedbal, N. Nguyen, J. Niemiec, S.J. Nolan, L. Oakes, S. Ohm, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, B. Opitz, M. Ostrowski, I. Oya, M. Panter, R.D. Parsons, M. Paz Arribas, N.W. Pekeur, G. Pelletier, J. Perez, P.-O. Petrucci, B. Peyaud, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, A. Quirrenbach, S. Raab, M. Raue, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, M. Renaud, R. de los Reyes, F. Rieger, J. Ripken, L. Rob, S. Rosier-Lees, G. Rowell, B. Rudak, C.B. Rulten, V. Sahakian, D.A. Sanchez, A. Santangelo, R. Schlickeiser, A. Schulz, U. Schwanke, S. Schwarzburg, S. Schwemmer, F. Sheidaei, J.L. Skilton, H. Sol, G. Spengler, Ł. Stawarz, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, F. Stinzing, K. Stycz, I. Sushch, A. Szostek, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, M. Tluczykont, C. Trichard, K. Valerius, C. van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, A. Viana, P. Vincent, H.J. Völk, F. Volpe, S. Vorobiov, M. Vorster, S.J. Wagner, M. Ward, R. White, A. Wierzcholska, P. Willmann, D. Wouters, M. Zacharias, A. Zajczyk, A.A. Zdziarski, A. Zech, H.-S. Zechlin, H.E.S.S. observations of the binary system PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 around the 2010/2011 periastron passage. Astron. Astrophys. 551, 94 (2013). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H.E.S.S. Collaboration, A. Abramowski, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, A.G. Akhperjanian, E. Angüner, G. Anton, S. Balenderan, A. Balzer, A. Barnacka, et al., H.E.S.S. observations of the Crab during its March 2013 GeV gamma-ray flare. Astron. Astrophys. 562, 4 (2014). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323013

    Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Halpern, J.A. Tomsick, E.V. Gotthelf, F. Camilo, C.-Y. Ng, A. Bodaghee, J. Rodriguez, S. Chaty, F. Rahoui, Discovery of X-ray pulsations from the INTEGRAL source IGR J11014-6103. ArXiv e-prints (2014)

  • D.J. Helfand, E.V. Gotthelf, J.P. Halpern, Vela pulsar and its synchrotron nebula. Astrophys. J. 556, 380–391 (2001). doi:10.1086/321533

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Heng, R. McCray, Balmer-dominated shocks revisited. Astrophys. J. 654, 923–937 (2007). doi:10.1086/509601

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Hester, The Crab Nebula: An astrophysical chimera. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 46, 127–155 (2008). doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110608

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Hester, P.A. Scowen, R. Sankrit, C.J. Burrows, J.S. Gallagher III, J.A. Holtzman, A. Watson, J.T. Trauger, G.E. Ballester, S. Casertano, J.T. Clarke, D. Crisp, R.W. Evans, R.E. Griffiths, J.G. Hoessel, J. Krist, R. Lynds, J.R. Mould, E.J. O’Neil Jr., K.R. Stapelfeldt, J.A. Westphal, WFPC2 studies of the Crab Nebula. I. HST and ROSAT imaging of the synchrotron nebula. Astrophys. J. 448, 240 (1995). doi:10.1086/175956

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Hester, K. Mori, D. Burrows, J.S. Gallagher, J.R. Graham, M. Halverson, A. Kader, F.C. Michel, P. Scowen, Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra monitoring of the Crab synchrotron nebula. Astrophys. J. Lett. 577, 49–52 (2002). doi:10.1086/344132

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.M. Hillas, C.W. Akerlof, S.D. Biller, J.H. Buckley, D.A. Carter-Lewis, M. Catanese, M.F. Cawley, D.J. Fegan, J.P. Finley, J.A. Gaidos, F. Krennrich, R.C. Lamb, M.J. Lang, G. Mohanty, M. Punch, P.T. Reynolds, A.J. Rodgers, H.J. Rose, A.C. Rovero, M.S. Schubnell, G.H. Sembroski, G. Vacanti, T.C. Weekes, M. West, J. Zweerink, The spectrum of teravolt gamma rays from the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. 503, 744–759 (1998). doi:10.1086/306005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Hobbs, D.R. Lorimer, A.G. Lyne, M. Kramer, A statistical study of 233 pulsar proper motions. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 360, 974–992 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09087.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.H.H. Huang, A.K.H. Kong, J. Takata, C.Y. Hui, L.C.C. Lin, K.S. Cheng, X-ray studies of the Black Widow pulsar PSR B1957+20. Astrophys. J. 760, 92 (2012). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/92

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.Y. Hui, W. Becker, X-ray emission properties of the old pulsar PSR B2224+65. Astron. Astrophys. 467, 1209–1214 (2007). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066562

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.P. Johnson, Q.D. Wang, The pulsar B2224+65 and its jets: A two epoch X-ray analysis. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408, 1216–1224 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17200.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Johnston, G. Hobbs, S. Vigeland, M. Kramer, J.M. Weisberg, A.G. Lyne, Evidence for alignment of the rotation and velocity vectors in pulsars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 364, 1397–1412 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09669.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Kargaltsev, Z. Misanovic, G.G. Pavlov, J.A. Wong, G.P. Garmire, X-ray observations of parsec-scale tails behind two middle-aged pulsars. Astrophys. J. 684, 542–557 (2008). doi:10.1086/589145

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, Pulsar wind nebulae in the Chandra era, in 40 Years of Pulsars: Millisecond Pulsars, Magnetars and More, ed. by C. Bassa, Z. Wang, A. Cumming, V.M. Kaspi American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 983, 2008, pp. 171–185. doi:10.1063/1.2900138

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Kargaltsev, M. Durant, G.G. Pavlov, G. Garmire, Chandra Pulsar Survey (ChaPS). Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 201, 37 (2012). doi:10.1088/0067-0049/201/2/37

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Kargaltsev, G. Pavlov, M. Durant, X-ray observations of pulsar-wind nebulae: Current status and future prospects, in The Fast and the Furious: Energetic Phenomena in Isolated Neutron Stars, Pulsar Wind Nebulae and Supernova Remnants, ed. by J.-U. Ness, 2013a, p. 7

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Kargaltsev, B. Rangelov, G.G. Pavlov, Gamma-ray and X-ray properties of pulsar wind nebulae and unidentified Galactic TeV sources. ArXiv e-prints (2013b)

  • O. Kargaltsev, A. Bykov, A. Krassilchtchikov, B. Rangelov, G. Pavlov, N. Klingler, J. Kropotina, K. Levenfish, The inner structure of the Vela pulsar-wind nebula, in 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 2–10 August 2014, Moscow, Russia. COSPAR Meeting, vol. 40, 2014c, p. 1398. Abstract E1.16-36-14

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, M. Durant, I. Volkov, J. Hare, The dynamic X-ray nebula powered by the pulsar B1259-63. Astrophys. J. 784, 124 (2014b). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/2/124

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Kargaltsev, B. Rangelov, J. Hare, G.G. Pavlov, Chandra imaging of gamma-ray binaries. Astron. Nachr. 335, 301–306 (2014a). doi:10.1002/asna.201312036

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.F. Kennel, F.V. Coroniti, Confinement of the Crab pulsar’s wind by its supernova remnant. Astrophys. J. 283, 694–709 (1984a). doi:10.1086/162356

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.F. Kennel, F.V. Coroniti, Magnetohydrodynamic model of Crab nebula radiation. Astrophys. J. 283, 710–730 (1984b). doi:10.1086/162357

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Khangulyan, S. Hnatic, F. Aharonian, S. Bogovalov, TeV light curve of PSR B1259-63/SS2883. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 380, 320–330 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12075.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Khangulyan, F.A. Aharonian, S.V. Bogovalov, M. Ribó, Post-periastron gamma-ray flare from PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 as a result of comptonization of the cold pulsar wind. Astrophys. J. Lett. 752, 17 (2012). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/L17

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.G. Kirk, Particle acceleration in relativistic current sheets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(18), 181101 (2004). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.181101

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.G. Kirk, L. Ball, O. Skjæraasen, Inverse Compton emission of TeV gamma rays from PSR B1259-63. Astropart. Phys. 10, 31–45 (1999). doi:10.1016/S0927-6505(98)00041-3

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.G. Kirk, Y. Lyubarsky, J. Petri, The theory of pulsar winds and nebulae, in Neutron Stars and Pulsars, ed. by W. Becker Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 357, 2009, p. 421. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76965-1_16

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • S.S. Komissarov, Magnetic dissipation in the Crab nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 428, 2459–2466 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/sts214

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.S. Komissarov, Y.E. Lyubarsky, The origin of peculiar jet-torus structure in the Crab nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, 93–96 (2003). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.07097.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.S. Komissarov, Y.E. Lyubarsky, Synchrotron nebulae created by anisotropic magnetized pulsar winds. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 349, 779–792 (2004). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07597.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.S. Komissarov, M. Barkov, M. Lyutikov, Tearing instability in relativistic magnetically dominated plasmas. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 374, 415–426 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11152.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.S. Komissarov, M. Lyutikov, On the origin of variable gamma-ray emission from the Crab nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 2017–2028 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18516.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.W. Kong, K.S. Cheng, Y.F. Huang, Modeling the multiwavelength light curves of PSR B1259-63/LS 2883. II. The effects of anisotropic pulsar wind and Doppler boosting. Astrophys. J. 753, 127 (2012). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/127

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Kouzu, M.S. Tashiro, Y. Terada, S. Yamada, A. Bamba, T. Enoto, K. Mori, Y. Fukazawa, K. Makishima, Spectral variation of hard X-ray emission from the Crab Nebula with the Suzaku Hard X-Ray Detector. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 65, 74 (2013). doi:10.1093/pasj/65.4.74

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.M. LaMassa, P.O. Slane, O.C. de Jager, Probing the nature of the Vela X cocoon. Astrophys. J. Lett. 689, 121–124 (2008). doi:10.1086/595958

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.P. Levenfish, A.M. Bykov, M. Durant, O.Y. Kargaltsev, Y.A. Kropotina, G.G. Pavlov, A.M. Krassilchtchikov, Y.A. Uvarov, Finest persistent structures in the Vela PWN. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 84, 588 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.P. Lobanov, D. Horns, T.W.B. Muxlow, VLBI imaging of a flare in the Crab nebula: More than just a spot. Astron. Astrophys. 533, 10 (2011). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117082

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Lyne, F. Graham-Smith, P. Weltevrede, C. Jordan, B. Stappers, C. Bassa, M. Kramer, Evolution of the magnetic field structure of the Crab pulsar. Science 342, 598–601 (2013). doi:10.1126/science.1243254

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Lyne, B. Stappers, M. Keith, P. Ray, M. Kerr, F. Camilo, T. Johnson, The binary nature of PSR J2032+4127. ArXiv e-prints (2015)

  • Y.E. Lyubarsky, On the structure of the inner Crab Nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 329, 34–36 (2002). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05151.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.E. Lyubarsky, Fast magnetosonic waves in pulsar winds. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 339, 765–771 (2003a). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06221.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.E. Lyubarsky, The termination shock in a striped pulsar wind. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 345, 153–160 (2003b). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06927.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.E. Lyubarsky, Highly magnetized region in pulsar wind nebulae and origin of the Crab gamma-ray flares. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 427, 1497–1502 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22097.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Lyubarsky, M. Liverts, Particle acceleration in the driven relativistic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 682, 1436–1442 (2008). doi:10.1086/589640

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Lyutikov, Mass-loading of pulsar winds. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 339, 623–632 (2003). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06141.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Lyutikov, D. Balsara, C. Matthews, Crab GeV flares from the corrugated termination shock. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 422, 3118–3129 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20831.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Marelli, A. De Luca, D. Salvetti, N. Sartore, A. Sartori, P. Caraveo, F. Pizzolato, P.M. Saz Parkinson, A. Belfiore, PSR J0357+3205: The tail of the turtle. Astrophys. J. 765, 36 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/36

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.B. Markwardt, H. Ögelman, An X-ray jet from the Vela pulsar. Nature 375, 40–42 (1995). doi:10.1038/375040a0

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.B. Markwardt, H.B. Ögelman, The ASCA spectrum of the VELA pulsar jet. Astrophys. J. Lett. 480, 13–16 (1997). doi:10.1086/310616

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Mattana, D. Götz, R. Terrier, L. Bouchet, G. Ponti, M. Falanga, M. Renaud, I. Caballero, S. Soldi, J.A. Zurita Heras, S. Schanne, Extended hard X-ray emission from the Vela pulsar wind nebula. Astrophys. J. Lett. 743, 18 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/743/1/L18

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Mayer, R. Buehler, E. Hays, C.C. Cheung, M.S. Dutka, J.E. Grove, M. Kerr, R. Ojha, Rapid gamma-ray flux variability during the 2013 March Crab Nebula flare. Astrophys. J. Lett. 775, 37 (2013). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/2/L37

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.V. Medvedev, Theory of “jitter” radiation from small-scale random magnetic fields and prompt emission from gamma-ray burst shocks. Astrophys. J. 540, 704–714 (2000). doi:10.1086/309374

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.V. Medvedev, Constraint on electromagnetic acceleration of highest energy cosmic rays. Phys. Rev. E 67(4), 045401 (2003). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.67.045401

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Melatos, D. Scheltus, M.T. Whiting, S.S. Eikenberry, R.W. Romani, F. Rigaut, A. Spitkovsky, J. Arons, D.J.B. Payne, Near-infrared, kilosecond variability of the wisps and jet in the Crab pulsar wind nebula. Astrophys. J. 633, 931–940 (2005). doi:10.1086/468176

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.C. Michel, Rotating magnetospheres: An exact 3-D solution. Astrophys. J. Lett. 180, 133 (1973). doi:10.1086/181169

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.P. Mignani, A. De Luca, O. Kargaltsev, G.G. Pavlov, S. Zaggia, P.A. Caraveo, W. Becker, Search for the optical counterpart of the Vela pulsar X-ray nebula. Astrophys. J. 594, 419–427 (2003). doi:10.1086/376829

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Mignone, E. Striani, M. Tavani, A. Ferrari, Modelling the kinked jet of the Crab nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 436, 1102–1115 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1632

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Mizuno, Y. Lyubarsky, K.-I. Nishikawa, P.E. Hardee, Three-dimensional relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of current-driven instability. II. Relaxation of pulsar wind nebula. Astrophys. J. 728, 90 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/90

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Moffett, T.H. Hankins, Polarimetric properties of the Crab pulsar between 1.4 and 8.4 GHz. Astrophys. J. 522, 1046–1052 (1999). doi:10.1086/307654

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Moldón, M. Ribó, J.M. Paredes, Periodic morphological changes in gamma-ray binaries, in High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy: 5th International Meeting on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, ed. by F.A. Aharonian, W. Hofmann, F.M. Rieger American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 1505, 2012, pp. 386–389. doi:10.1063/1.4772278

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Moran, A. Shearer, R.P. Mignani, A. Słowikowska, A. De Luca, C. Gouiffès, P. Laurent, Optical polarimetry of the inner Crab nebula and pulsar. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433, 2564–2575 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt931

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Moran, R.P. Mignani, A. Shearer, HST optical polarimetry of the Vela pulsar and nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 445, 835–844 (2014). doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1791

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Mori, D.N. Burrows, J.J. Hester, G.G. Pavlov, S. Shibata, H. Tsunemi, Spatial variation of the X-ray spectrum of the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. 609, 186–193 (2004). doi:10.1086/421011

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Mori, O. Kargaltsev, G. Pavlov, M. Yamamoto, S. Shibata, H. Tsunemi, Suzaku mapping observations of the Vela X, in 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. COSPAR Meeting, vol. 37, 2008, p. 2105

    Google Scholar 

  • C.-Y. Ng, B.M. Gaensler, S. Chatterjee, S. Johnston, Radio polarization observations of G319.9-0.7: A bow-shock nebula with an azimuthal magnetic field powered by pulsar J1509-5850. Astrophys. J. 712, 596–603 (2010). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/596

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Olmi, L. Del Zanna, E. Amato, R. Bandiera, N. Bucciantini, On the magnetohydrodynamic modelling of the Crab nebula radio emission. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 438, 1518–1525 (2014). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2308

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Olmi, L. Del Zanna, E. Amato, N. Bucciantini, Constraints on particle acceleration sites in the Crab nebula from relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 449, 3149–3159 (2015). doi:10.1093/mnras/stv498

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Pavan, E. Bozzo, G. Pühlhofer, C. Ferrigno, M. Balbo, R. Walter, IGR J11014-6103: A newly discovered pulsar wind nebula? Astron. Astrophys. 533, 74 (2011). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117379

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Pavan, P. Bordas, G. Pühlhofer, M.D. Filipović, A. De Horta, A. O’Brien, M. Balbo, R. Walter, E. Bozzo, C. Ferrigno, E. Crawford, L. Stella, The long helical jet of the Lighthouse nebula, IGR J11014-6103. Astron. Astrophys. 562, 122 (2014). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322588

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.G. Pavlov, M.A. Teter, O. Kargaltsev, D. Sanwal, The variable jet of the Vela pulsar. Astrophys. J. 591, 1157–1171 (2003). doi:10.1086/375531

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.G. Pavlov, J. Hare, O. Kargaltsev, B. Rangelov, M. Durant, An extended X-ray object ejected from the PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 binary. ArXiv e-prints (2015)

  • A. Pellizzoni, A. Trois, M. Tavani, M. Pilia, A. Giuliani, G. Pucella, P. Esposito, S. Sabatini, G. Piano, A. Argan, G. Barbiellini, A. Bulgarelli, M. Burgay, P. Caraveo, P.W. Cattaneo, A.W. Chen, V. Cocco, T. Contessi, E. Costa, F. D’Ammando, E. Del Monte, G. De Paris, G. Di Cocco, G. Di Persio, I. Donnarumma, Y. Evangelista, M. Feroci, A. Ferrari, M. Fiorini, F. Fuschino, M. Galli, F. Gianotti, A. Hotan, C. Labanti, I. Lapshov, F. Lazzarotto, P. Lipari, F. Longo, M. Marisaldi, M. Mastropietro, S. Mereghetti, E. Moretti, A. Morselli, L. Pacciani, J. Palfreyman, F. Perotti, P. Picozza, C. Pittori, A. Possenti, M. Prest, M. Rapisarda, A. Rappoldi, E. Rossi, A. Rubini, P. Santolamazza, E. Scalise, P. Soffitta, E. Striani, M. Trifoglio, E. Vallazza, S. Vercellone, F. Verrecchia, V. Vittorini, A. Zambra, D. Zanello, P. Giommi, S. Colafrancesco, A. Antonelli, L. Salotti, N. D’Amico, G.F. Bignami, Detection of gamma-ray emission from the Vela pulsar wind nebula with AGILE. Science 327, 663 (2010). doi:10.1126/science.1183844

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Pétri, Y. Lyubarsky, Magnetic reconnection at the termination shock in a striped pulsar wind. Astron. Astrophys. 473, 683–700 (2007). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066981

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • O. Porth, S.S. Komissarov, R. Keppens, Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the Crab nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 438, 278–306 (2014). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2176

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V. Radhakrishnan, A.A. Deshpande, Vela, its X-ray nebula, and the polarization of pulsar radiation. Astron. Astrophys. 379, 551–556 (2001). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011321

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Rees, J.E. Gunn, The origin of the magnetic field and relativistic particles in the Crab Nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 167, 1–12 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.P. Reynolds, Synchrotron-loss spectral breaks in pulsar-wind nebulae and extragalactic jets. Astrophys. J. 703, 662–670 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/662

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.W. Romani, M.S. Shaw, F. Camilo, G. Cotter, G.R. Sivakoff, The Balmer-dominated bow shock and wind nebula structure of \(\gamma\)-ray pulsar PSR J1741-2054. Astrophys. J. 724, 908–914 (2010). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/724/2/908

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.M. Romanova, G.A. Chulsky, R.V.E. Lovelace, Winds, B-fields, and magnetotails of pulsars. Astrophys. J. 630, 1020–1028 (2005). doi:10.1086/431727

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.C. Rookyard, P. Weltevrede, S. Johnston, Investigating the magnetic inclination angle distribution of \(\gamma \)-ray-loud radio pulsars. ArXiv e-prints (2014)

  • T. Schweizer, N. Bucciantini, W. Idec, K. Nilsson, A. Tennant, M.C. Weisskopf, R. Zanin, Characterization of the optical and X-ray properties of the north-western wisps in the Crab nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433, 3325–3335 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt995

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Shannon, S. Johnston, R.N. Manchester, The kinematics and orbital dynamics of the PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 system from 23 yr of pulsar timing. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 437, 3255–3264 (2014). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2123

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Sironi, A. Spitkovsky, Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetized collisionless pair shocks: Dependence of shock acceleration on magnetic obliquity. Astrophys. J. 698, 1523–1549 (2009a). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1523

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Sironi, A. Spitkovsky, Synthetic spectra from particle-in-cell simulations of relativistic collisionless shocks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 707, 92–96 (2009b). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L92

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Sironi, A. Spitkovsky, Acceleration of particles at the termination shock of a relativistic striped wind. Astrophys. J. 741, 39 (2011a). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/39

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Sironi, A. Spitkovsky, Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetized collisionless electron-ion shocks. Astrophys. J. 726, 75 (2011b). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/726/2/75

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Sironi, A. Spitkovsky, Relativistic reconnection: An efficient source of non-thermal particles. Astrophys. J. Lett. 783, 21 (2014). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/783/1/L21

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Speiser, Particle trajectories in model current sheets. 1. Analytical solutions. J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4219–4226 (1965). doi:10.1029/JZ070i017p04219

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Striani, M. Tavani, V. Vittorini, I. Donnarumma, A. Giuliani, G. Pucella, A. Argan, A. Bulgarelli, S. Colafrancesco, M. Cardillo, E. Costa, E. Del Monte, A. Ferrari, S. Mereghetti, L. Pacciani, A. Pellizzoni, G. Piano, C. Pittori, M. Rapisarda, S. Sabatini, P. Soffitta, M. Trifoglio, A. Trois, S. Vercellone, F. Verrecchia, Variable gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula: Short flares and long ”waves”. Astrophys. J. 765, 52 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/52

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.H.T. Tam, R.H.H. Huang, J. Takata, C.Y. Hui, A.K.H. Kong, K.S. Cheng, Discovery of GeV \(\gamma\)-ray emission from PSR B1259-63/LS 2883. Astrophys. J. Lett. 736, 10 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L10

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.H.T. Tam, K.L. Li, J. Takata, A.T. Okazaki, C.Y. Hui, A.K.H. Kong, High-energy observations of PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 through the 2014 periastron passage: Connecting X-rays to the GeV flare. Astrophys. J. Lett. 798, 26 (2015). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/798/1/L26

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Tavani, J. Arons, Theory of high-energy emission from the pulsar/Be star system PSR 1259-63. I. Radiation mechanisms and interaction geometry. Astrophys. J. 477, 439–464 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Tavani, A. Bulgarelli, V. Vittorini, A. Pellizzoni, E. Striani, P. Caraveo, M.C. Weisskopf, A. Tennant, G. Pucella, A. Trois, E. Costa, Y. Evangelista, C. Pittori, F. Verrecchia, E. Del Monte, R. Campana, M. Pilia, A. De Luca, I. Donnarumma, D. Horns, C. Ferrigno, C.O. Heinke, M. Trifoglio, F. Gianotti, S. Vercellone, A. Argan, G. Barbiellini, P.W. Cattaneo, A.W. Chen, T. Contessi, F. D’Ammando, G. DeParis, G. Di Cocco, G. Di Persio, M. Feroci, A. Ferrari, M. Galli, A. Giuliani, M. Giusti, C. Labanti, I. Lapshov, F. Lazzarotto, P. Lipari, F. Longo, F. Fuschino, M. Marisaldi, S. Mereghetti, E. Morelli, E. Moretti, A. Morselli, L. Pacciani, F. Perotti, G. Piano, P. Picozza, M. Prest, M. Rapisarda, A. Rappoldi, A. Rubini, S. Sabatini, P. Soffitta, E. Vallazza, A. Zambra, D. Zanello, F. Lucarelli, P. Santolamazza, P. Giommi, L. Salotti, G.F. Bignami, Discovery of powerful gamma-ray flares from the Crab Nebula. Science 331, 736 (2011). doi:10.1126/science.1200083

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Tchekhovskoy, A. Spitkovsky, J.G. Li, Time-dependent 3D magnetohydrodynamic pulsar magnetospheres: Oblique rotators. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435, 1–5 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt076

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Teraki, F. Takahara, Jitter radiation model of the Crab gamma-ray flares. Astrophys. J. 763, 131 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/763/2/131

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Tomsick, A. Bodaghee, J. Rodriguez, S. Chaty, F. Camilo, F. Fornasini, F. Rahoui, Is IGR J11014-6103 a pulsar with the highest known kick velocity? Astrophys. J. Lett. 750, 39 (2012). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/750/2/L39

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Uzdensky, B. Cerutti, M.C. Begelman, Reconnection-powered linear accelerator and gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. Lett. 737, 40 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L40

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Van Etten, R.W. Romani, Multi-zone modeling of the pulsar wind nebula HESS J1825-137. Astrophys. J. 742, 62 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/62

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Vigelius, A. Melatos, S. Chatterjee, B.M. Gaensler, P. Ghavamian, Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of asymmetric pulsar wind bow shocks. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 374, 793–808 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11193.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Volpi, L. Del Zanna, E. Amato, N. Bucciantini, Non-thermal emission from relativistic MHD simulations of pulsar wind nebulae: From synchrotron to inverse Compton. Astron. Astrophys. 485, 337–349 (2008). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809424

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Q.D. Wang, E.V. Gotthelf, Y.-H. Chu, J.R. Dickel, Detection of an X-ray pulsar wind nebula and tail in SNR N157B. Astrophys. J. 559, 275–281 (2001). doi:10.1086/322392

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Weisskopf, Observations of the Crab Nebula with the Chandra X-ray observatory, in Proceedings of ”An INTEGRAL View of the High-Energy Sky (the First 10 Years)”—9th INTEGRAL Workshop and Celebration of the 10th Anniversary of the Launch, INTEGRAL 2012, 15–19 October 2012 (Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris, 2012), p. 4. Published online at http://pos.sissa.it/cgi-bin/reader/conf.cgi?confid=176, id. 4

    Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Weisskopf, E.H. Silver, H.L. Kestenbaum, K.S. Long, R. Novick, A precision measurement of the X-ray polarization of the Crab Nebula without pulsar contamination. Astrophys. J. Lett. 220, 117–121 (1978). doi:10.1086/182648

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Weisskopf, J.J. Hester, A.F. Tennant, R.F. Elsner, N.S. Schulz, H.L. Marshall, M. Karovska, J.S. Nichols, D.A. Swartz, J.J. Kolodziejczak, S.L. O’Dell, Discovery of spatial and spectral structure in the X-ray emission from the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. Lett. 536, 81–84 (2000). doi:10.1086/312733

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Weisskopf, R.F. Elsner, J.J. Kolodziejczak, S.L. O’Dell, A.F. Tennant, Unraveling the geometry of the Crab Nebula’s “inner ring”. Astrophys. J. 746, 41 (2012). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/41

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Weisskopf, A.F. Tennant, J. Arons, R. Blandford, R. Buehler, P. Caraveo, C.C. Cheung, E. Costa, A. de Luca, C. Ferrigno, H. Fu, S. Funk, M. Habermehl, D. Horns, J.D. Linford, A. Lobanov, C. Max, R. Mignani, S.L. O’Dell, R.W. Romani, E. Striani, M. Tavani, G.B. Taylor, Y. Uchiyama, Y. Yuan, Chandra, Keck, and VLA observations of the Crab Nebula during the 2011-April gamma-ray flare. Astrophys. J. 765, 56 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/56

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.R. Werner, D.A. Uzdensky, B. Cerutti, K. Nalewajko, M.C. Begelman, The extent of power-law energy spectra in collisionless relativistic magnetic reconnection in pair plasmas. ArXiv e-prints (2014)

  • C.A. Wilson-Hodge, M.L. Cherry, G.L. Case, W.H. Baumgartner, E. Beklen, P. Narayana Bhat, M.S. Briggs, A. Camero-Arranz, V. Chaplin, V. Connaughton, M.H. Finger, N. Gehrels, J. Greiner, K. Jahoda, P. Jenke, R.M. Kippen, C. Kouveliotou, H.A. Krimm, E. Kuulkers, N. Lund, C.A. Meegan, L. Natalucci, W.S. Paciesas, R. Preece, J.C. Rodi, N. Shaposhnikov, G.K. Skinner, D. Swartz, A. von Kienlin, R. Diehl, X.-L. Zhang, When a standard candle flickers. Astrophys. J. Lett. 727, 40 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/727/2/L40

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Q. Yuan, P.-F. Yin, X.-F. Wu, X.-J. Bi, S. Liu, B. Zhang, A statistical model for the \(\gamma\)-ray variability of the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. Lett. 730, 15 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/730/2/L15

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Yusef-Zadeh, B.M. Gaensler, A radio study of the mouse, G359.23-0.82. Adv. Space Res. 35, 1129–1136 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.003

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V. Zabalza, V. Bosch-Ramon, F. Aharonian, D. Khangulyan, Unraveling the high-energy emission components of gamma-ray binaries. Astron. Astrophys. 551, 17 (2013). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220589

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Zyuzin, Y. Shibanov, A. Danilenko, R.E. Mennickent, S. Zharikov, The Vela pulsar and its likely counter-jet in the K s band. Astrophys. J. 775, 101 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/101

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank George Pavlov for his valuable comments and discussions. We are grateful to Blagoy Rangelov for creating the merged F550M Crab image from the archival HST data and help with the manuscript editing. We acknowledge support from NASA grants AR8-9009X, GO3-14084X, GO3-14057C, G03-14082A, NNX09AC81G, NNX09AC84G, HST-GO-13043.09, and G02-13085C. B.C. acknowledges support from the Lyman Spitzer Jr. Fellowship awarded by the Department of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University, and the Max-Planck/Princeton Center for Plasma Physics. Y.L. acknowledges support from Israeli Science Foundation under the grant 719/14.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. George Washington University, 105 Corcoran Hall, Washington DC, 20052, USA

    Oleg Kargaltsev

  2. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA

    Benoît Cerutti

  3. Ben-Gurion University, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel

    Yuri Lyubarsky

  4. Department of Physics, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Turin, Italy

    Edoardo Striani

Authors
  1. Oleg Kargaltsev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Benoît Cerutti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuri Lyubarsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Edoardo Striani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oleg Kargaltsev.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kargaltsev, O., Cerutti, B., Lyubarsky, Y. et al. Pulsar-Wind Nebulae. Space Sci Rev 191, 391–439 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0171-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0171-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation