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Main rhizosphere characteristics of the Cd hyperaccumulator Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell

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Abstract

Aim

This article was aimed to explore the main rhizospherial properties of the Cd hyperaccumulator R. globosa compared to those of the non hyperaccumulator Rorippa palustris (Leyss.) Bess. representing the same genus (Rorippa) of Cruciferae.

Method

Pot culture experiments using soil spiked with Cd as CdCl2·2.5H2O and rhizobags were conducted to determine the differences in Cd accumulation vs. pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Cd chemical fractionation, enzyme activities, and microorganism number in the rhizospheres of R. globosa and R. palustris, and in the bulk soils.

Results

Experiments on Cd uptake by R. globosa and R. palustris from soil spiked with different doses of Cd ranging from 0 to 40 mg∙kg−1, confirmed Cd-hyperaccumulating properties of R. globosa (Cd accumulation in the above-ground organs >100 mg kg−1, enrichment factor EF> 1, translocation factor TF> 1, no significant biomass reduction at Cd doses >10 mg kg−1) and the lack of such properties in R. palustris, which made these species suitable for comparative studies. The pH value was found to be a constant, specific property of the rhizosphere of R. globosa and R. palustris, and of the bulk soil, independent on the Cd dose, however the differences were rather small: by 0.2 unit lower in the rhizosphere of R. globosa, and only by 0.1 unit lower in the rhizosphere of R.. palustris compared to the bulk soil. Chemical fractionation of Cd, i.e. its affinity to pools of different binding strength, also appeared to be a specific feature of a rhizosphere and soil independent on the Cd dose. It exhibited a unique capability of the rhizosphere of the Cd-hyperaccumulator R. globosa to mobilize Cd, which enriched the most labile exchangeable fraction in 24.4 % and the immobile residual fraction in 42.3 %, compared to 19.3 % and 50.8 % in the bulk soil and in the rhizosphere of the non-hiperaccumulator R.palustris that did not show significant difference (p < 0.05) from the bulk soil. In turn, DOC concentrations, enzymatic (urease and catalase) activity and microorganism (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) growth in rhizosphere soils were largely influenced by different Cd doses, although they were always considerably higher in the rhizosphere soils of R globosa, than in the rhizosphere of R. palustris and in the bulk soil, in particular at Cd doses ≥10 mg kg−1.

Conclusion

pH and DOC changes in the rhizosphere of the Cd-hyperaccumulator R. globosa were found to be of a minor importance. The alteration of Cd chemical fractionation consisting in substantial reduction of the immobile residual pool and Cd enrichment primarily in the most labile exchangeable fraction, along with over 2-fold higher number of microorganisms was considered to be the driving force of Cd hyperaccumulation.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270540, 31070455, 40971184 and 40930739), the National Science & Technology Pillar Program (2012BAC17B04), Hi-tech research and development program of China (2012AA06A202), and Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (201102224).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, People’s Republic of China

    Shuhe Wei

  2. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland

    Irena Twardowska

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  1. Shuhe Wei
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  2. Irena Twardowska
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Correspondence to Shuhe Wei.

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Responsible Editor: Tim Simon George.

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Wei, S., Twardowska, I. Main rhizosphere characteristics of the Cd hyperaccumulator Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell. Plant Soil 372, 669–681 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1783-0

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