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Biomedical Imaging: Principles, Technologies, Clinical Aspects, Contrast Agents, Limitations and Future Trends in Nanomedicines

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Abstract

This review article presents the state-of-the-art in the major imaging modalities supplying relevant information on patient health by real-time monitoring to establish an accurate diagnosis and potential treatment plan. We draw a comprehensive comparison between all imagers and ultimately end with our focus on two main types of scanners: X-ray CT and MRI scanners. Numerous types of imaging probes for both imaging techniques are described, as well as reviewing their strengths and limitations, thereby showing the current need for the development of new diagnostic contrast agents (CAs). The role of nanoparticles in the design of CAs is then extensively detailed, reviewed and discussed. We show how nanoparticulate agents should be promising alternatives to molecular ones and how they are already paving new routes in the field of nanomedicine.

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Abbreviations

2D:

2-Dimension

3D:

3-Dimension

API:

Active principle ingredient

CA:

Contrast agent

CNS:

Central nervous system

CT:

Computed tomography

DDS:

Drug delivery system

DEs:

Dendrimers

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

FDA:

Food and drug administration

GI:

Gastrointestinal

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HU:

Hounsfield unit

IONPs:

Iron oxide nanoparticles

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LPs:

Liposomes

LPPs:

Lipoproteins

NCs:

Nanocarriers

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NPs:

Nanoparticles

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PAMAM:

Poly(Amidoamine)

PCL:

Poly(ε-Caprolactone)

PEG:

Poly(Ethylene Glycol)

PLA:

Poly(Lactic Acid)

PLGA:

Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PO:

Poly(Propylene Oxide)

RES:

Reticuloendothelial system

ROI:

Region of interest

SPECT:

Single-photon emission computed tomography

SPIONs:

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

USPIOs:

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein

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  1. Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France

    Justine Wallyn, Nicolas Anton, Salman Akram & Thierry F. Vandamme

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Wallyn, J., Anton, N., Akram, S. et al. Biomedical Imaging: Principles, Technologies, Clinical Aspects, Contrast Agents, Limitations and Future Trends in Nanomedicines. Pharm Res 36, 78 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-019-2608-5

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