Abstract
The grain growth kinetics of an extruded fine-grained Mg–9Gd–4Y–0.4Zr (wt%) alloy was investigated by static annealing in the temperature range of 673–773 K. In addition to the microstructural evolution, textural evolution of the material was also studied during high temperature exposure. The material revealed an unusual basal texture in the extruded condition which was weakened after annealing. The material behavior can be divided into two temperature regimes, namely from 673 to 723 K and from 723 to 773 K. According to the obtained data, although the material shows superior thermal stability in comparison with the conventional Mg alloys, it loses most of its resistance to grain growth at temperatures higher than 673 K. It was observed that although the Mg3(Gd,Y) precipitates have sufficient thermal stability to restrict grain growth, significant grain growth occurs at the highest temperatures where increased mobility of the grain boundaries seems to be dominant. However, there is restricted growth at lower temperatures, where the grain growth is controlled by lattice self-diffusion.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mordike BL, Ebert T (2001) Magnesium: properties-applications-potential. Mater Sci Eng A 302:37–45
Boehlert CJ (2007) The tensile and creep behavior of Mg–Zn alloys with and without Y and Zr as ternary elements. J Mater Sci 42:3675–3684. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-1352-5
Liu K, Zhang J, Sun W, Qiu X, Huayi L, Dingxiang Tang LL, Rokhlin FM, Elkin JM (2009) Effect of Zn concentration on the microstructures and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–7Y–4Gd–0.4Zr alloys. J Mater Sci 44:74–83. doi:10.1007/s10853-008-3122-z
Ning ZL, Wang GJ, Cao FY, Sun JF, Du JF (2009) Tensile deformation of a Mg–2.54Nd–0.26Zn–0.32Zr alloy at elevated temperature. J Mater Sci 44:4264–4269. doi:10.1007/s10853-009-3620-7
Onorbe E, Garces G, Perez P, Adeva P (2012) Effect of the LPSO volume fraction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Y2X–ZnX alloys. J Mater Sci 47:1085–1093. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-5899-4
Xi Hou, Peng Q, Cao Zh, Shiwei Xu, Kamado Sh, Wang L, Wu Y, Wang L (2009) Structure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–Gd alloy sheet. Mater Sci Eng A 520:162–167
Peng Q, Dong H, Tian Y, Zhang H (2012) Effect of backward extrusion on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Gd based alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 532:443–448
Movahedi-Rad A, Mahmudi R (2014) Effect of Ag addition on the elevated-temperature mechanical properties of an extruded high strength Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 614:62–65
Zhang X, Li L, Deng Y, Zhou N (2009) Superplasticity and microstructure in Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy prepared by extrusion. J Alloys Compd 481:296–300
Cizek J, Prochazka I, Smola B, Stulikova I, Kuzel R, Matej Z, Cherkaska V, Islamgaliev RK, Kulyasova O (2007) Microstructure and thermal stability of ultra fine grained Mg-based alloys prepared by high-pressure torsion. Mater Sci Eng A 462:121–126
Li DJ, Wang QD, Blandin JJ, Suery M, Dong J, Zeng XQ (2009) High temperature compressive deformation behavior of an extruded Mg–8Gd–3Y–0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 526:150–155
Yan H, Chen R, Zheng N, Luo J, Kamado S, Han E (2013) Effects of trace Gd concentration on texture and mechanical properties of hot-rolled Mg–2Zn–xGd sheets. J Magnes Alloys 1:23–30
Alizadeh R, Mahmudi R, Langdon TG (2014) Superplasticity of a fine-grained Mg–9Gd–4Y–0.4Zr alloy evaluated using shear punch testing. J Mater Res Technol 3:228–232
Nayeb-Hashemi AA, Clark JB (1992) ASM Handbook, Alloy Phase Diagrams, vol 3. ASM International, United States of America
Robson JD, Twier AM, Lorimer GW, Rogers P (2011) Effect of extrusion conditions on microstructure, texture, and yield asymmetry in Mg–6Y–7Gd–0.5 wt%Zr alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 528:7247–7256
Mackenzie L, Pekguleryuz M (2008) The recrystallization and texture of magnesium-zinc-cerium alloys. Scripta Mater 59:665–668
Yan H, Xu SW, Chen RS, Kamado S, Honma T, Han EH (2011) Twins, shear bands and recrystallization of a Mg–2.0%Zn–0.8%Gd alloy during rolling. Scripta Mater 64:141–144
Basu I, Al-Samman T (2014) Superior light metals by texture engineering: optimized aluminum and magnesium alloys for automotive applications. Acta Mater 67:116–133
Hadorn JP, Hantzsche K, Yi S, Bohlen J, Letzig D, Agnew SR (2012) Effects of solute and second-phase particles on the texture of Nd-containing Mg alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 43A:1363–1375
Al-Samman T, Li X (2011) Sheet texture modification in magnesium-based alloys by selective rare earth alloying. Mater Sci Eng A 528:3809–3822
Kuang J, Li X, Ye X, Tang J, Liu H, Wang J, Tang G (2015) Microstructure and texture evolution of magnesium alloys during electropulse treatment. Metall Mater Trans A 46:1789–1804
Burke JE (1949) Some factors affecting the rate of grain growth in metals. Trans TMS-AIME 180:73–91
Frost HJ, Ashby MF (1982) Deformation mechanisms maps. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 44
Radi Y, Mahmudi R (2010) Effect of Al2O3 nano-particles on the microstructural stability of AZ31 Mg alloy after equal channel angular pressing. Mater Sci Eng A 527:2764–2771
Kim HK (2004) Activation energies for the grain growth of an AZ31 Mg alloy after equal channel angular pressing. J Mater Sci 39:7107–7109. doi:10.1023/B:JMSC.0000047560.93940.45
Sherby OD, Weertman J (1979) Diffusion-controlled dislocation creep: a defense. Acta Metall 27:387–400
Kim HK, Kim WJ (2004) Microstructural instability and strength of an AZ31 Mg alloy after severe plastic deformation. Mater Sci Eng A 385:300–308
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) for the support of this work under Grant No. 92028838. The work of one of us was supported by the European Research Council under ERC Grant Agreement No. 267464-SPDMETALS (TGL).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alizadeh, R., Mahmudi, R., Ngan, A.H.W. et al. Microstructural stability and grain growth kinetics in an extruded fine-grained Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy. J Mater Sci 50, 4940–4951 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9041-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9041-x