Skip to main content
Log in

Economic Well-being and Cohabitation: Another Nonmetro Disadvantage?

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Family and Economic Issues Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Our study examines residential variability in the prevalence of cohabiting households, the extent to which children are present, characteristics of the household head, and multiple indicators of economic well-being. Despite a lower prevalence of cohabiting households in nonmetropolitan compared to other areas, a larger proportion contain children. For all measures considered, economic well-being is lowest for cohabiting households with children in nonmetropolitan areas, and compared to their metro counterparts a larger proportion receive all forms of public assistance. The higher likelihood of poverty among nonmetropolitan cohabiting households with children is not explained by the characteristics of the household heads in multivariate models predicting household poverty. Cohabitation clearly has different family and economic implications in nonmetropolitan than in other residential areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abroms, L. C., & Goldscheider, F. K. (2002). More work for mother: How spouses, cohabiting partners and relatives affect the hours mothers work. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 23, 147–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avelar, S., & Smock, P. A. (2005). The economic consequences of the dissolution of cohabiting unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 315–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axinn, W. G., & Thornton, A. (1992). The relationship between cohabitation and divorce: Selectivity or causal influence. Demography, 29, 357–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. L., & Snyder, A. R. (2006). Residential differences in cohabitors’ union transitions. Rural Sociology, 71.

  • Brown, S. L. (2002). Child well-being in cohabiting families. In A. Booth & A. C. Crouter (Eds.), Just living together: Implications of cohabitation for children, families, and social policy (pp. 173–186). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. B., & Lichter, D. T. (2004). Poverty, welfare and livelihood strategies of nonmetropolitan rural single mothers. Rural Sociology, 69, 282–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bumpass, L. L., & Lu, H. (2000). Trends in cohabitation and implications for children’s family contexts in the United States. Population Studies, 54, 29–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkberg, M. (1999). The price of partnering: The role of economic well-being in young adults’ first union experiences. Social Forces, 77, 945–968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkberg, M. E., Stolzenberg, R., & Waite, L. (1995). Values and the entrance into cohabitation. Social Forces, 74, 609–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, R. D., & Hill, D. H. (1998). Food stamp participation and reasons for nonparticipation: 1986. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 19, 107–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, C. C., Crull, S. R., Fletcher, C. N., Hinnant-Bernard, T., & Peterson, J. (2002). Meeting family housing needs: Experiences of rural women in the Midst of Welfare Reform. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 23, 285–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edin, K., & Lein, L. (1997). Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low-wage work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggebeen, D. J., Snyder, A. R., & Manning, W. (1996). Single father families in demographic perspective. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 441–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, J., & Casper, L. (2000). America’s families and living arrangements. Current Population Reports, 20–537.

  • Fitchen, J. M. (1994). Residential mobility among the rural poor. Rural Sociology, 59, 416–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, C. N., Garasky, S. B., & Nielsen, R. B. (2005). Transportation hardship: Are you better off with a car? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26, 323–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folk, K. F. (1996). Single mothers in various living arrangements: Differences in economic and time resources. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 55, 277–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M. E., Jones, D., & Hoffman, S. D. (1998). The economic impact of nonmarital childbearing: How are older single mothers faring? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 163–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graefe, D., & Lichter, D. T. (1999). Life course transitions of American children: Parental cohabitation, marriage, and single motherhood. Demography, 36, 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, L., Findeis, J., Hsu, W., & Schachter, J. (1999). Slipping into and out of underemployment: Another disadvantage for nonmetropolitan workers? Rural Sociology, 64, 417–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, L. I., & Eggebeen, D. J. (1994). Nonmetropolitan poor children and reliance on public assistance. Rural Sociology, 59, 45–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, L. I., Eggebeen, D. J., & Lichter, D. T. (1993). Child poverty and the ameliorative effects of public assistance. Social Science Quarterly, 74, 542–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, O. (1978). Values and beliefs of rural people. In T. R. Ford (Ed.), Rural U.S.A.: Persistence and change (pp. 91–112). Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, D. T. (2006). In search of the ‘Best’ poverty measure. Measurement, 1, 261–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, D. T., Graefe, D. R., & Brown, J. B. (2003). Is marriage a panacea? Union formation among economically disadvantaged unwed mothers. Social Problems, 50, 60–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, D. T., & Jayakody, R. (2002). Welfare reform: How do we measure success? Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 117–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, D. T., & Jensen, L. I. (2002). Rural America in transition: Poverty and welfare at the turn of the Twentieth Century. In L. A. Whitener, B. A. Weber, & G. Duncan (Eds.), Rural dimensions of welfare reform (pp. 77–112). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, D. T., Qian, Z., & Crowley, M. L. (2005). Child poverty among racial minorities and immigrants: Explaining trends and differentials. Social Science Quarterly, 86, 1037–1059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A., & Ureta, M. (2004). Living arrangements, employment status, and the economic well-being of mothers: Evidence from Brazil, Chile, and the U.S. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 25, 301–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • London, R. A. (1998). Trends in single mothers’ living arrangements from 1970 to 1995: Correcting the Current Population Survey. Demography, 35, 125–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loomis, L. L., & Landale, N. S. (1994). Nonmarital cohabitation and childbearing among Black and White American women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 949–962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. D., & Landale, N. S. (1996). Racial and ethnic differences in the role of cohabitation in premarital childbearing. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 63–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. D., & Lichter, D. T. (1996). Parental cohabitation and children’s economic well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 998–1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, D. K., & Perman, L. (1991). Returns versus endowments in the earnings attainment process for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan men and women. Rural Sociology, 56, 339–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, B. F., & Hazarika, G. (2003). Do single mothers face greater constraints to workforce participation in non-metropolitan areas? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85, 143–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, R. A., Reville, R., & Winkler, A. E. (1998). Beyond single mothers: Cohabitation and marriage in the AFDC program. Demography, 35, 259–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, S., Clark, R. L., & Acs, G. (2001). Beyond the two-parent family: How teenagers fare in cohabiting couple and blended families. The Urban Institute, Series B, No. B-31.

  • Nock, S. L. (1998). Marriage in men’s lives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oropesa, R. S., Landale, N. S., & Kenkre, T. (2003). Income allocation in marital and cohabiting unions: The case of mainland Puerto Ricans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 910–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parisi, D., McLaughlin, D. K., Grice, S. M., Taquino, M., & Gill, D. A. (2003). TANF participation rates: Do community conditions matter? Rural Sociology, 68, 491–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smock, P. J. (2000). Cohabitation in the United States: An appraisal of research themes, findings, and implications. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, A. R. (2005). The role of contemporary family behaviors in nonmarital conception outcomes of nonmetro women: A reply to Albrecht and Albrecht (2004). Rural Sociology, 71,.

  • Snyder, A. R., Brown, S. L., & Condo, E. P. (2004). Residential differences in family formation: The significance of cohabitation. Rural Sociology, 69, 235–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, A. R., & McLaughlin, D. K. (2004). Female-headed families and poverty in rural America. Rural Sociology, 69, 127–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Struthers, C. B., & Bokemeier, J. L. (2000). Myths and realities of raising children and creating family life in a rural county. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 17–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teachman, J. (2003). Premarital sex, premarital cohabitation, and the risk of subsequent marital dissolution among women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 444–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tigges, L. M., & Tootle, D. M. (1990). Labor supply, labor demand, and men’s underemployment in rural and urban labor markets. Rural Sociology, 55, 328–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2005). Current Population Survey (CPS)–Definitions and explanations. Retrieved July 5, 2005, from http://www.census.gov/population/www/cps/cpsdef.html.

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). America’s families and living arrangements, 2000.

  • Willits, F. K., Bealer, R. C., & Crider, D. M. (1982). Persistence of rural/urban differences. In D. A. Dillman, & D. J. Hobbs (Eds.), Rural society in the U.S.: Issues for the 1980s (pp. 58–68). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, A. E. (1994). The determinants of a mother’s choice of family structure: Labor market conditions, AFDC policy or community mores? Population Research and Policy Review, 13, 283–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, W. J., & Hofferth, S. L. (1998). Family adaptation to income and job loss in the U.S. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 19, 255–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support provided by Experiment Station Projects 3692, 3644 and 3865 of the College of Agricultural Sciences, and by Population Center Grant funding from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to the Population Research Institute (R24 HD 41025-01), The Pennsylvania State University. The authors would like to thank Alan Booth and Daniel Lichter for their feedback on an earlier draft, and Don Gensimore for his programming assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anastasia R. Snyder.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Snyder, A.R., McLaughlin, D.K. Economic Well-being and Cohabitation: Another Nonmetro Disadvantage?. J Fam Econ Iss 27, 562–582 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-006-9019-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-006-9019-6

Keywords

Navigation