Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A community in the Orange: the development of a multi-level water governance framework in the Orange-Senqu River basin in Southern Africa

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An ensemble of normative codes of conduct in the form of global, regional and domestic norms, principles of best practice and laws have developed over time providing standards of appropriate behaviour in the governance of transboundary rivers in an attempt to eradicate or minimise real or perceived conflicts. Through a multi-levelled analysis of water governance in the Orange-Senqu River basin in Southern Africa, this paper investigates the relationships between co-operative management norms constructed at different levels of scale, and the ways in which both norm and context are transformed as a result of the other. At the basin level, legal and institutional processes symbolise a movement towards norm convergence in the basin. However, norm drivers (such as technical co-operation, personalised politics, trust and confidence building) and norm barriers (such as skills flight and the lack of trust) to the development of a ‘community of interest’ in the Orange-Senqu River basin have also been significant in shaping the legal and normative landscape. An analysis of global, regional, basin-wide and local norms is therefore useful because it illustrates the interconnectedness of their interactions as well as how their content is affected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. This paper adopts Katzenstein’s definition of norms i.e. “collective expectations for the proper behaviour of actors with a given identity” (Katzenstein 1996: 5). They provide standards of appropriate conduct and prescribe social practices (Dimitrov 2005).

  2. This was later referred to as Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, the Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and became Zimbabwe upon independence on 17 April 1,980.

  3. This became Zambia upon independence on 24 October 1964.

  4. This became Malawi upon independence on 6 July 1964.

  5. This became Botswana upon independence on 30 September 1966.

  6. This became Lesotho upon independence on 4 October 1966.

Abbreviations

ANC:

African National Congress

DRWS:

Directorate of Rural Water Supply

DWAF:

Department of Water Affairs

GDP:

Gross domestic product

IBT:

Inter-basin transfer

INGO:

International non-governmental organisation

IWRM:

Integrated water resource management

JIA:

Joint Irrigation Authority

LHWP:

Lesotho Highlands Water Project

MAR:

Mean annual run-off

NEP:

National environment policy

NWA:

National Water Act

OKACOM:

Okavango River Commission

ORASECOM:

Orange-Senqu River Commission

PWC:

Permanent Water Commission

RBO:

River Basin Organisation

RWP:

Regional Water Policy

RWS:

Regional Water Strategy

SADC:

Southern African Development Community

SADC WD:

Southern African Development Community Water Division

SADC PF:

Southern African Development Community Parliamentary Forum

SOLD:

Survivors of the Lesotho Dams

TRC:

Transformation resource centre

UN:

United Nations

VNJIS:

Vioolsdrift and Noordoewer joint irrigation scheme

WRC:

Water Research Commission

WSASP:

Water supply and sanitation policy

References

  • Acharya, A. (2004). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? Norm localization and institutional change in Asian regionalism. International Organization, 58(2), 239–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P. J. (2000). Southern African water conflicts: Are they inevitable or preventable? In M. Murakami (Ed.), Water for peace in the Middle East and Southern Africa (pp. 86–106). Geneva: Green Cross International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P. J. (2002). Avoiding conflicts over Africa’s water resources. AMBIO, 31(3), 236–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P. J., & Turton, A. R. (2005). Transboundary water resource management in Southern Africa: Opportunities, challenges and lessons learned. In L. Wirkus (Ed.), Water, development and co-operation—Comparative perspective: Euphrates-Tigris and Southern Africa. Proceedings of a workshop organised by Zentrum 32 für Entwicklungsforschung (pp. 5–32). Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion.

  • Ashton, P. J., Earle, A., Malzbender, D., Moloi, B., Patrick, M. J., & Turton, A. (2005). Compilation of all the international freshwater agreements entered into by South Africa with other states. Final Water Research Commission report for project no K5/1515. Pretoria: Water Research Commission.

  • Ashton, P. J., Hardwick, D., & Breen, C. (2008). Changes in water availability and demand within South Africa’s shared River basins as determinants of regional social and ecological resilience. In M. J. Burns & A. V. B. Weaver (Eds.), Exploring sustainability science: A Southern African perspective (pp. 279–310). Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basson, M., van Niekerk, P., & van Rooyen, J. (1997). Overview of water resources availability and utilisation in South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkel, J. (1999). Norms, institutions and national identity in contemporary Europe. International Studies Quarterly, 43, 83–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conca, K. (2002). The case for environmental peacemaking. In K. Conca & G. Dabelko (Eds.), Environmental peacemaking (pp. 1–22). Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conca, K. (2006). Governing water: Contentious transnational politics and global institution building. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conca, K., & Dabelko, G. (2002). The problems and possibilities of environmental peacemaking. In K. Conca & G. Dabelko (Eds.), Environmental peacemaking (pp. 220–233). Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conca, K., Wu, F., & Mei, C. (2006). Global regime formation or complex institution building? The principled content of international river agreements. International Studies Quarterly, 50, 263–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Chazournes, L. B. (2009). Freshwater and international law: The interplay between universal, regional and basin perspectives. The United Nations world water development report 3: Water in a changing world. Paris: United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001850/185080e.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Department of Environmental Affairs. (2006). Policy brief on Botswana’s water management. Gaborone: Department of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism. http://www.orangesenqurak.org/UserFiles/File/National%20Water%20Departments/Botswana/water%20policy%20brief%20final.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Department of Water Affairs (DWA) (2011). Water requirements in the Orange River basin. Orange River project. Departmental Report. Department of Water Affairs, Government of the Republic of South Africa. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/waterreq.aspx. Accessed February 2, 2012.

  • Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). (1997). White paper on a national water policy for South Africa. Policy document. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria: Government of the Republic of South Africa.

  • Dimitrov, R. (2005). Hostage to norms: States, institutions and global forest politics. Global Environmental Politics, 5(4), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dungumaro, E., & Madulu, N. (2003). Public participation in integrated water resources management: The case of Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28, 1009–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, A., Malzbender, D., Turton, A., & Manzungu, E. (2005). A preliminary basin profile of the Orange-Senqu River. Inwent capacity development programme: Integrated water resources management in shared river basin in the SADC region. AWIRU, University of Pretoria. http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/05.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Government of Lesotho. (2008). Lesotho Water Act. Maseru: Department of Water Affairs, Government of the Kingdom of Lesotho. http://www.orangesenqurak.org/UserFiles/File/National%20Water%20Departments/Lesotho/Lesotho%20Water%20Act%202008.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2012.

  • Gutteridge, W. (1983). South Africa’s national strategy: Implications for regional security. Conflict Studies, 148, 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hangula, L. (1993). The international boundary of Namibia. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield Consultants Africa. (2011). Map of the Orange-Senqu River basin. Data layers: USGS HydroSHEDS, ESRI, FAO Aquastat, WWF, UNEP. Orange-Senqu River awareness kit. http://www.orangesenqurak.org/governance/water+resource+management+southern+africa/sadc+regional+water+policy+and+strategy.aspx. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Heyns, P. (1995). Existing and planned development projects on international rivers within the SADC region. In Proceedings of the conference of SADC ministers responsible for water resources management, 23–24 November 1995, Pretoria.

  • Heyns, P. (2002). The interbasin transfer of water between SADC countries: A developmental challenge for the future. In A. R. Turton & R. Henwood (Eds.), Hydropolitics in the developing world: A Southern African perspective (pp. 157–176). Pretoria: African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU) and International Water Management Institute (IWMI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyns, P. (2003). Water resources management in Southern Africa. In M. Nakayama (Ed.), International waters in Southern Africa (pp. 5–37). Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyns, P. (2008). Personal communication. Namibia: Windhoek.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiddema, U., & Erasmus, G. (2007). Legislation and legal issues surrounding the Orange River catchment. Orange River integrated water resources management plan report. WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE, Water Surveys Botswana. http://www.orasecom.org/_system/writable/DMSStorage/441LEGAL.PDF. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Jacobs, I. (2010a). Norms and transboundary co-operation in Africa: The cases of the Orange-Senqu and Rile Rivers. PhD dissertation, School of International Relations, St. Andrews University, Scotland.

  • Jacobs, I. (2010b). A fragile hegemon, a fragile hegemonic discourse: A critical engagement with the hydropolitical complex and implications of South Africa’s hydropolotical environment for southern Africa. African Security, 3(1), 21–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, I., & Nienaber, S. (2011). Waters without borders: Transboundary water governance and the role of the ‘transdisciplinary individual’ in Southern Africa. Water SA, 37(5), 665–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein, P. (Ed.). (1996). The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kistin, E., & Ashton, P. (2008). Adapting to change in transboundary rivers: An analysis of treaty flexibility on the Orange-Senqu River basin. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(3), 15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, H. (1998). The 1998 Frankel lecture: Bringing international law home. Houston Law Review, 35(1998), 623–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, N., & Vidaurre, R. (2008). D 1.3.6a: Institution-based water regime analysis Orange Senqu basin. Emerging river basin organisation for adaptive water management. Report of the newater project: New approaches to adaptive water management under uncertainty. Ecologic, Institute for International and European Environmental Policy. http://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=Kranz%2c+N.+%26+Vidaurre%2c+R.+%282008%29.+D+1.3.6a%3a+Institution-Based+Water+Regime+Analysis+Orange+Senqu+Basin.+Emerging+river+basin+organisation+for+adaptive+water+management.+Report+of+the+NeWater+project+&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newater.info%2Fintern%2Fsendfile.php%3Fid%3D1199&ei=vCI-T6ugL6if0QXIhICsDw&usg=AFQjCNGGTdTDNoYcrrsoVqVqKu1G2EYtlw. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Kranz, N., Interwies, E., & Vidaurre, R. (2005a). Transboundary regimes in the Orange-Senqu basin. New approaches to adaptive water management under uncertainty. Report to the newater project: New approaches to adaptive water management under uncertainty. NeWater. http://ecologic.eu/download/projekte/1950-1999/1951/1951_del131_orangesenqu.pdf. Accessed February 10, 2012.

  • Kranz, N., Interwies, E., Vorwerk, A., & von Raggamby, A. (2005b). Governance institutions and participation in the Orange-Senqu basin. Report to the newater project: New approaches to adaptive water management under uncertainty. NeWater. http://ecologic.eu/download/projekte/1950-1999/1951/1951_del121_orangesenqu.pdf. Accessed February 10, 2012.

  • Lange, G., Mungatana, E., & Hassan, R. (2007). Water accounting for the Orange River basin: An economic perspective on managing a transboundary resource. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legro, J. (1997). Which norms matter? Revisiting the ‘failure’ of internationalism. International Organization, 51(1), 31–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malzbender, D., & Earle, A. (2008). The impact and implications of the adoptions of the 1997 UN watercourse convention for countries in Southern Africa. Report on commissioned study for WWF international: Global freshwater programme. African Centre for Water Research. http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/WWF_RA_UN%20Convention.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Malzbender, D., & Earle, A. (2009). Water resources of SADC: Demands, dependencies, and governance responses. In M. Pressend & T. Othieno (Eds.), Rethinking natural resources in Southern Africa (pp. 85–106). Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mare, H. G. (2007). Summary of water requirements from the Orange River. Orange river integrated water resources management plan report. WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE, Water Surveys Botswana. http://www.orasecom.org/_system/writable/DMSStorage/441DEMANDS.PDF. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Meissner, R. (2000a). The involvement of interest groups in the Lesotho highlands water project. Occasional paper. AWIRU, University of Pretoria. http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/meissnerrichard3.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Meissner, R. (2000b). In the spotlight: Interest groups as a role player in large water projects. SA Bulletin, 26(2), 24–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, R. (2001). Drawing the line: A look at the water related border disagreement between South Africa and Namibia. Conflict Trends, 2(2001), 34–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, R. (2004). The transnational role of and involvement of interest groups in water politics: A comparative analysis of selected Southern African case studies. PhD dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

  • Meissner, R. (2005). Interest groups and the proposed Epupa Dam: Towards a theory of water politics. Politeia, 24(3), 354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, R., & Turton, A. (2003). The hydrosocial contract theory and the Lesotho highlands water project. Water Policy, 5(2), 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirumachi, N. (2004). Incentives for co-operative water management in international rivers: The case of the Lesotho highlands water project. In Conference paper presented at the 2nd Asian Pacific association of hydrology and water resources (APHW) proceedings. APHW. http://rwes.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~tanaka/APHW/APHW2004/proceedings/JSH/56-JSH-M181/56-JSH-M181manuscript.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Mwendera, E., Hazelton, D., Nkhuwa, D., Robinson, P., Tjijenda, K., & Chavula, G. (2003). Overcoming constraints to the implementation of water demand management in Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28, 761–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngana, J., Mwalyosi, R., Madulu, N., & Yanda, P. (2003). Development of an integrated water resources management plan for the Lake Manyara sub-basin, Northern Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28, 1033–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkhoma, B., & Mulwafu, W. (2004). The experience of irrigation management transfer in two irrigation schemes in Malawi, 1960s–2002. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 29, 1327–1333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orange-Senqu River Commission. (ORASECOM) (2000). Agreement between the Governments of the Republic of Botswana, the Kingdom of Lesotho, the Republic of Namibia and the Republic of South Africa on the establishment of the Orange-Senqu River Commission, ORASECOM. http://www.orangesenqurak.org/governance/transboundary+.aspx. Accessed February 1, 2012.

  • Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM). (2012). Overview of the Orange-Senqu River basin. Orange-Senqur River Commission website, Pretoria: Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM). http://www.orasecom.org/about/orangesenqu+basin.aspx. Accessed February 1, 2012.

  • Pegram, G., Mazibuko, G., Hollingworth, B., & Anderson, E. (2006). Strategic review of current and emerging governance systems related to water in the environment in South Africa. Report no. 1514/1/06. Water Research Commission. http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1514-1-06.pdf. Accessed February 10, 2012.

  • Postel, S., & Richter, B. (2003). Rivers for life: Managing water for people and nature. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramoeli, R. (2002). The SADC protocol on shared watercourses: History and current status. In A. R. Turton & R. Henwood (Eds.), Hydropolitics in the developing world: A Southern African perspective (pp. 105–111). Pretoria: African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU).

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Namibia. (2004). Water resources management act no. 24. Windhoek: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Government of Namibia. http://www.mawf.gov.na/Documents/Gaz-3357.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Republic of Namibia. (2008). Water supply and sanitation policy. Windhoek: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Government of Namibia. http://www.mawf.gov.na/Documents/wsaspolicy.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Republic of South Africa. (1998). National water act. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Government of the Republic of South Africa. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/Docs/nwa.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Santho, S. (2000). Chapter 8: Lesotho: Lessons and challenges after a SADC intervention, 1998. In D. Philander (Ed.), Monograph no 50, Franco-South African dialogue. Pretoria: Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD), the Institut Français d’Afrique du Sud (IFAS) and the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/31700/1/Mono50.pdf?1. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Southern African Development Community. (SADC) (2000). Revised protocol on shared watercourses. Southern African development community. http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/159. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Swatuk, L. (2002). The new water architecture in Southern Africa: Reflections on current trends in the light of Rio +10. International Affairs, 78(3), 507–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swatuk, L. (2005). Political challenges to implementing IWRM in Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 30, 872–880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tompkins, R. (2007). Institutional structures in the four Orange Basin states. Orange River integrated water resources management plan. Orange River integrated water resources management plan report. WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE, Water Surveys Botswana. http://www.orasecom.org/_system/writable/DMSStorage/441INSTITUTIONAL.PDF. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Turton, A. (2003a). Environmental security: A Southern Africa perspective on transboundary water resource management (pp. 75–87). Environmental change and security project report. Document no. 9. Woodrow Wilson International Center. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/feature_turton.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Turton, A. (2003b). An introduction to the hydropolitical dynamics of the Orange River basin. In M. Nakayama (Ed.), International waters in Southern Africa (pp. 136–163). Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turton, A. (2003c). The political aspects of institutional developments in the water sector: South Africa and its international river basins. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Political Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

  • Turton, A. (2005a). A critical assessment of the river basins at risk in the Southern African hydropolitical complex. In Paper presented at workshop on the management of international rivers and lakes, 17–19 August 2005. Third world centre for water management and Helsinki University of Technology. http://awiru.co.za/pdf/_Helsinki%20Paper%20Peer%20Reviewed%20Final%20new%20Map.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Turton, A. (2005b). Hydro hegemony in the context of the Orange River basin. In Paper presented a workshop on hydro hegemony. Kings College and School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London. http://www.anthonyturton.com/admin/my_documents/my_files/Hydro_Hegemony_in_the_Context_of_the_Orange_River_Basin1.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Turton, A. (2008a). A South African perspective on a possible benefit-sharing approach for transboundary waters in the SADC region. Water Alternatives, 1(2), 180–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turton, A. (2008b). The Southern African hydropolitical complex. In O. Varis, C. Tortajada, & A. K. Biswas (Eds.), Management of transboundary rivers and lakes (pp. 21–80). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Turton, A., & Ashton, P. (2008). Basin closure and issues of scale: The Southern African hydropolitical complex. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(2), 305–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turton, A., & Earle, A. (2005). Post-apartheid institutional development in selected Southern African international river basins. In C. Gopalakrishnan, C. Tortajada, & A. K. Biswas (Eds.), Water institutions: Policies, performance and prospects (pp. 154–173). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Turton, A., Meissner, R., Mampane, P., & Seremo, O. (2004). A hydropolitical history of South Africa international river basins. Report to the Water Research Commission. Water Research Commission. http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1220-1-04.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • United Nations (UN). (1997). Convention on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. UN General Assembly document. A/51/869, 11 April 1997. United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Publications. http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/clnuiw/clnuiw_e.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • United Nations (UN). (2012). Status of treaties. United Nations treaty collection website. http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=UNTSONLINE&tabid=2&mtdsg_no=XXVII-12&chapter=27&lang=en#Participants. Accessed February 17, 2012.

  • Walwyn, D., & Scholes, R. (2006). The impact of a mixed income model on the South African CSIR: A recipe for success or disaster? South African Journal of Science, 102, 239–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse, P. (2008). Water rights in South Africa: Insights from legislative reform. BWPI working paper 36, Brooks World Poverty Institute. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1265588. Accessed February 17, 2012.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Research Commission, Private Bag X03, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa

    Inga M. Jacobs

Authors
  1. Inga M. Jacobs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Inga M. Jacobs.

Additional information

This article forms part of a larger study published in 2012 by the author entitled “The Politics of Water in Africa: Norms, Environmental Regions and Transboundary Co-operation in the Orange-Senqu and Nile Rivers” by Continuum Books.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jacobs, I.M. A community in the Orange: the development of a multi-level water governance framework in the Orange-Senqu River basin in Southern Africa. Int Environ Agreements 12, 187–210 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-012-9166-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-012-9166-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation