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Regime shifts between free-floating plants and phytoplankton: a review

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Abstract

Field studies evidence shifts between phytoplankton and free-floating plant regimes; yet, it is unclear what drives these shifts and if they are critical transitions (alternative stable states). In this review, we synthesized field and experimental data on free-floating plants (of varying size and phylogenies) and phytoplankton regimes, to assess the effects of these producers on the environment. Nutrient-rich environments promote free-floating plants dominance—regardless of life form—which causes dark and anoxic environments, and nutrient release from sediments. This reinforces free-floating plants dominance, but controls phytoplankton biomass by strong shading (despite high nutrients and low grazing). Phytoplankton dominance renders turbid and oxygen-rich (when producing) environments. We also searched for case studies of regime shifts for free-floating plants and phytoplankton dominance. Most studies showed that when free-floating plants dominance was interrupted, phytoplankton biomass (usually Cyanobacteria) rose steeply. Likewise, when phytoplankton-dominated, the development of dense mats of free-floating plants covers usually controlled phytoplankton. Field evidence that suggests critical transitions include abrupt regime transitions in time and space; yet, evidence including indoor controlled experiments and mathematical models is needed for conclusive evidence of alternative stable states to be drawn.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Sigrid Smith and Dr. Mariana Meerhoff for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript, and to Dr. Jarad Mellard for linguistic assistance. This work was financially supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET PIP5355), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBACYT X815) and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 12332, 536). We would like to thank the Managing and Subject Editor, and reviewers for their comments; they have substantially improved our manuscript.

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  1. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Paula de Tezanos Pinto & Inés O’Farrell

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  1. Paula de Tezanos Pinto
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Correspondence to Paula de Tezanos Pinto.

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de Tezanos Pinto, P., O’Farrell, I. Regime shifts between free-floating plants and phytoplankton: a review. Hydrobiologia 740, 13–24 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1943-0

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