Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Psychobiology of depression/distress in congestive heart failure

  • Published:
Heart Failure Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Heart failure affects millions of Americans and new diagnosis rates are expected to almost triple over the next 30 years as our population ages. Affective disorders including clinical depression and anxiety are common in patients with congestive heart failure. Furthermore, the presence of these disorders significantly impacts quality of life, medical outcomes, and healthcare service utilization. In recent years, the literature has attempted to describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms relating affective disorders and psychosocial stress to heart failure. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed including autonomic nervous system dysfunction, inflammation, cardiac arrhythmias, and altered platelet function. These mechanisms are reviewed in this article. Additional novel mechanisms such as mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Heart Association: Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2007 update. American Heart Association. Retrieved March 30, 2007 from http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1166712318459HS_StatsInsideText.pdf

  2. Masoudi F, Havranek E, Krumholz H (2002) The burden of chronic congestive heart failure in older persons: magnitude and implications for policy and research. Heart Fail Rev 7:9–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gottlieb S, Khatta M, Friedmann E, Einbinder L, Katzen S, Baker B, Marshall J, Minshall S, Robinson S, Fisher M, Potenza M, Sigler B, Baldwin C, Thomas S (2004) The influence of age, gender and race on the prevalence of depression in heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1542–1549

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sherwood A, Blumenthal J, Trivedi R, Johnson K, O’Conner C, Adams K, Dupree C, Waugh R, Bensimhon D, Gaulden L, Christenson R, Koch G, Hinderliter A (2007) Relationship of depression to death or hospitalization in patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med 167:367–373

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Freedland K, Rich M, Skala J, Carney R, Davila-Roman V, Jaffe A (2003) Prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. Psychosom Med 65:119–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition – text revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  7. Haworth J, Moniz-Cook E, Clark A, Wang M, Waddington R, Cleland J (2005) Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression in a sample of chronic heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 7:803–808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Friedmann E, Thomas S, Liu F, Morton P, Chapa D, Gottlieb S, On behalf of Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial Investigators (2006) Relationship of depression, anxiety, and social isolation to chronic heart failure outpatient mortality. Am Heart J 152:940.e1–940.e8

    Google Scholar 

  9. Schaub R, Linden M (2000) Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the old and very old – results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). Compr Psychiatry 42(supplement 1):48–54

    Google Scholar 

  10. Allsup S, Gosney M (2002) Anxiety and depression in an older research population and their impact on clinical outcomes in a randomized controlled trial. Postgrad Med J 78:674–677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sullivan M, Levy W, Russo J, Spertus J (2004) Depression and health status in patients with advanced heart failure: a prospective study in tertiary care. J Card Fail 10:390–396

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rumsfeld J, Havranek E, Masoudi F, Peterson E, Jones P, Tooley J, Krumholz H, Spertus J, for the Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Consortium (2003) Depressive symptoms are the strongest predictors of short-term declines in health status in patient with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:1811–1817

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jiang W, Alexander J, Christopher E, Kuchibhatla M, Gaulden L, Cuffe M, Blazing M, Davenport C, Califf R, Krishnan R, O’Conner C (2001) Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 161:1849–1856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Vaccarino V, Kasl S, Abramson J, Krumholz H (2001) Depressive symptoms and risk of functional decline and death in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:199–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Friedmann E, Thomas S, Liu F, Morton P, Chapa D, Gottlieb S (2006) Relationship of depression, anxiety and social isolation to chronic heart failure outpatient mortality. Am Heart J 152:940 e1–940 e8

    Google Scholar 

  16. Jiang W, Kuchibhatla M, Cuffe M, Christopher E, Alexander J, Clary G, Blazing M, Gaulden L, Califf R, Krishnan R, O’Connor C (2004) Prognostic value of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 110:3452–3456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kliks B, Burgess M, Abildskov J (1975) Influence of sympathetic tone on ventricular fibrillation threshold during experimental coronary occlusion. Am J Cardiol 36:45–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Podrid P, Fuchs T, Candinas R (1990) Role of sympathetic nervous system in the fenesis of ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation 82:103–110

    Google Scholar 

  19. Schwartz P (1998) Autonomic nervous system and sudden death. Eur Heart J 19(supplement F):F72–F80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wyatt R, Portnoy B, Kupfer D, Snyder F, Engelman K (1971) Resting plasma catecholamine concentration in patient with depression and anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 24:65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Roy A, Pickar D, De Jong J, Karoum F, Linnoila M (1988) NE and its metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and urine: relationship to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:849–857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lake C, Pickar D, Zeibler M, Lipper S, Slater S, Murphey D (1982) High plasma NE levels in patients with major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 139:1315–1318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Veith R, Lewis N, Linares O, Barnes R, Raskind M, Villacres E, Murburg M, Ashleigh E, Castillo S, Peskind E, Pascualy M Halter J (1994) Sympathetic nervous system activity in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:411–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Carney R, Freeland K, Veith CP, Skala J, Lynch T, Jaffe A (1999) Major depression, heart rate, plasma norepinephrine in patients with coronary heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 45:458–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mausbach B, Dimsdale J, Ziegler M, Ancolo-Isreal SM, Patterson T, Grant I (2005) Depressive symptoms predict norepinephrine response to a psychological stressor task in Alzheimer’s caregivers. Psychosom Med 67:638–642

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Goldberg A, Becker L, Bonsall R, Cohen J, Ketter M, Kaufman P, Krantz D, Light K, McMahon R, Noreuil T, Pepine C, Raczynski J, Stone P, Strother D, Taylor H, Sheps D, for the PIMI Investigators (1996) Ischemic, hemodynamic and neurohormonal responses to mental and exercise stress. Circulation 94:2402–2409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Carney R, Saunders R, Freeland K, Stein P, Rich M, Jaffe A (1995) Association of depression with reduced heart rate variability in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 76:562–564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Stein P, Carney R, Freeland K, Skala J, Jaffe A, Kleiger R, Rottman J (2000) Severe depression is associated with markedly reduced heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary heart disease. J Psychosom Res 48:493–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Carney R, Blumenthal J, Freeland K, Stein P, Howells W, Berkman L, Watkins L, Czajkowski S, Hayano J, Domitrovich P, Jaffe A (2005) Low heart rate variability, the effect of depression on post-myocardial infarction mortality. Arch Intern Med 165:1486–1491

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kleiger R, Miller J, Bigger J, Moss A (1987) Decreased heart rate variability, its association with morality after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 113:256–262

    Google Scholar 

  31. Binkley P, Nunziata E, Haas G, Nelson S, Cody R (1991) Parasympathetic withdrawal is an integral component of autonomic imbalance in congestive heart failure: demonstration in human subjects and verification in a paced canine model of ventricular failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:464–472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Eckberg D, Drabinsky M, Braunwald E (1971) Defective cardiac parasympathetic control in patients with heart disease. N Engl J Med 285:877–883

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chidsey C, Braunwald E, Marrow A, Mason D (1963) Myocardial norepinephrine concentration in man: effects of reserpine and of congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 269:653–658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cohn J, Levine T, Olivari M, Garberg V, Lura D, Fransis G, Simon A, Rector T (1984) Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 311:819–823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaye D, Lefkovits J, Jennings G, Bergin P, Broughton A, Esler M (1995) Adverse consequences of increased cardiac sympathetic activity in the failing human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1257–1263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hasking G, Esler M, Jennings G, Burton D, Johns J, Korner P (1986) Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in congestive heart failure: evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nervous activity. Circulation 73:615–621

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Dallack G, Roose S (1990) Perspectives on the relationship between cardiovascular disease and affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 51:4–9

    Google Scholar 

  38. Imaoka K, Inoue H, Inoue Y, Hazama H, Tanaka T, Yamane N (1985) R-R intervals of ECG in depression. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 39:485–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rechlin T (1994) Are affective disorders associated with alterations of heart rate variability. J Affect Disord 32:271–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yeragani V, Pohl R, Balon R, Ramesh C, Glitz D, Jung I, Sherwood P (1992) Heart rate variability in patients with major depression. Psychiatr Res 37:35–46

    Google Scholar 

  41. Krittayaphong R, Cascio W, Light K, Sheffield D, Golden R, Finkel JB, Glekas G, Koch G, Sheps D (1997) Heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease: differences in patients with higher and lower depression scores. Psychosom Med 59:231–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Huikuri HV, Makikallio TH (2001) Heart rate variability in ischemic heart disease. Auton Neurosci 90:95–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Remme W (1998) The sympathetic nervous system and ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J 19(Suppl F):F62–F71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology, the North American Society for Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation 93:1043–1065

    Google Scholar 

  45. Bigger J, Fleiss J, Steinman R, Rolnitzky L, Kleiger R, Rottman J (1992) Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 85:164–171

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Vaishnav S, Stevenson R, Marchant B, Lagi K, Ranjadayalan K, Timmis A (1994) Relation between heart rate variability early after acute myocardial infarction and long-term mortality. Am J Cardiol 73:653–657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rich M, Saini J, Kleiger R, Carney R, te Velde A, Freedland K (1988) Correlation of heart rate variability with clinical and angiographic variables and late mortality after coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol 62:714–717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Carney R, Blumenthal J, Stein P, Watkins L, Catellier D, Berkman L, Czajkowski S, O’Connor C, Stone P, Freedland K (2001) Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 104:2024–2028

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Carney R, Freedland K, Rich M, Smith L, Jaffe A (1993) Ventricular tachycardia and psychiatric depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Med 95:23–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gehi A, Mangano D, Pipkin S, Browner W, Whooley M (2005) Depression and heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:661–666

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. De Jonge P, Mangano D, Whooley M (2007) Differential association of cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms with heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary artery disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Psychosom Med 69:735–739

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Carney R, Freedland K, Stein P, Watkins L, Catellier D, Jaffe A, Yeragani V (2003) Effects of depression on QT interval variability after myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med 65:177–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Nahshoni E, Aizenberg D, Strasberg B, Dorfman P, Sigler M, Imbar S, Weizman A (2000) QT dispersion in the surface electrocardiogram in elderly patients with major depression. J Affect Disord 60:197–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Schmidt G, Malik M, Barthel P, Schneider R, Ulm K, Rolnitzky L, Camm A, Bigger J, Schömig A (1999) Heart-rate turbulence after ventricular premature beats as a predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 353:1390–1396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wichterle D, Melenovsky V, Malik M (2002) Mechanisms involved in heart rate turbulence. Card Electrophysiol Rev 6:262–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Watanabe M (2003) Heart rate turbulence: a review. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 3:10–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Barthel P, Schneide R, Ing D, Bauer A, Ulm K, Schmitt C, Schömig A, Schmidt G (2003) Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction by heart rate turbulence. Circulation 108:1221–1226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ghuran A, Reid F, La Rovere M, Schmidt G, Bigger J, Camm A, Schwartz P, Malik M, on behalf of the ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone, Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction Substudy) Investigators (2002) Heart rate turbulence-based predictors of fatal and nonfatal cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 89:184–190

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Carney R, Howells W, Blumenthal J, Freedland K, Stein P, Berkman L, Watkins L, Czajkowski S, Steinmeyer B, Hayano J, Domitrovich P, Burg M, Jaffe A (2007) Heart rate turbulence, depression, and survival after acute myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med 69:4–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Frasure-Smith N, Lespèrance F, Talajic M (1995) Depression and 18 month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 91:999–1005

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Carney R, Freedland K, Stein P, Skala J, Hoffman P, Jaffe A (2000) Changes in heart rate variability during treatment for depression in patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 62:639–647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ahrens T, Frankhauser P, Lederbogen F, Deuschle M (2007) Effect of single-dose sertraline on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system, autonomic nervous system, and platelet function. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27:602–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Glassman A, Bigger J, Gaffney M, Van Zyl T (2007) Heart rate variability in acute coronary syndrome patients with major depression: influence of sertraline and mood improvement. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:1025–1031

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Laliberte M, White M, Lafontaine S, Calderone A, Talajic M, Rouleau J (2003) An open-label study of nefazodone treatment of major depression in patients with congestive heart failure. Can J Psychiatry 48:695–701

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Marcus F (2005) Depolarization/repolarization, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and arrhythmias in cardiac channelopathies. J Electrocardiol 38(4 Suppl):60–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Peters R, McQuillan S, Resnick S, Gold M (1996) Increased Monday incidence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation 94:1346–1349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lampert R, Joska T, Burg M, Batsford W, McPherson C, Jain D (2002) Emotional and physical precipitants of ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation 106:1800–1805

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kop W, Krantz D, Nearing B, Gottdiener J, Quigley J, O’Callahan M, Del Negro A, Friehling T, Karasik P, Suchday S, Levine J, Verrier R (2004) Effects of acute mental stress and exercise on T-wave alternans in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and controls. Circulation 109:1864–1869

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pagani M, Mazzuero G, Ferrari A, Liberati D, Cerutti S, Vaitl D, Tavazzi L, Malliani A (1991) Sympathovagal interaction during mental stress. A study using spectral analysis of heart rate variability in healthy control subjects and patients with a prior myocardial infarction. Circulation 83(4 Suppl):II43–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Raadsheer F, Hoogendijk W, Stam F, Tilders F, Swaab D (1994) Increased numbers of corticotrophin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60:436–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Strohle A, Holsboer F (2003) Stress responsive neurohormones in depression and anxiety. Pharmacopsychiatry 36:s207–s214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Amsterdam J, Maislin G, Gold P, Winokur A (1989) The assessment of abnormalities in hormonal responsiveness at multiple levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in depressive illness. Psychoneuroindocrinology 14:43–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Carroll B, Feinberg M, Greden J, Tarika J, Albala A, Haskett R, James N, Kronfol Z, Lohr N, Steiner M, de Vigne J, Young E (1981) A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:15–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Marin P, Darin N, Amemiya T, Andersson B, Jern S, Bjorntorp P (1992) Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat distribution in obese premenopausal women. Metabolism 41:882–886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Amatruda I, Livingston J, Lockwood D (1985) Cellular mechanisms of selected states of insulin resistance: human obesity, glucocorticoid excess and chronic renal failure. Diabetes Metab Rev 3:293–317

    Google Scholar 

  76. Kelly J, Mangos G, Williamson P, Whitworth J (1998) Cortisol and hypertension. Clin Exp Psychopharmacol Physiol Suppl 25:s51–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Friedman T, Mastorakos G, Newman T, Mullen N, Horton E, Costello R, Papadopoulos N, Chrousos G (1996) Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in endogenous hypercortisolism: shared features with metabolic syndrome X and NIDDM. Endocr J 43:645–655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Yang S, Zhang L (2004) Glucocorticoids and vascular reactivity. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2:1–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kelly J, Tam S, Williamson P, Lawson J, Whitworth J (1998) The nitric oxide system and cortisol-induced hypertension in humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 25:945–946

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Leonard B (2001) The immune system, depression and the action of antidepressants. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 25:767–780

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Anand I, Ferrari R, Kalra G, Wahi P, Poole-Wilson P, Harris P (1989) Edema of cardiac origin: studies on body water and sodium, renal function, hemodynamic indexes, and plasma hormones in untreated congestive cardiac failure. Circulation 80:299–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Anker S, Chua T, Ponikowski P, Harrington D, Swan J, Kox W, Poole-Wilson P, Coats A (1997) Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia. Circulation 96:526–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Stanley U (1996) Editorial: cortisol as mineralocorticoid. Clin J Endocrinol Metab 81:1307–1308

    Google Scholar 

  84. Edwards C, Stewart P, Burt D, Brett L, McIntyre M, Sutanto W, de Kloet E, Monder C (1988) Localization of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Lancet 2(8618):986–989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Funder J, Pearce P, Smith R, Smith A (1988) Mineralcorticoid action: target specificity is enzyme not receptor mediated. Science 242:583–585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Funder J (2004) RALES, EPHESUS and redox. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 93:121–125

    Google Scholar 

  87. Güder G, Bauersachs J, Frantz S, Weismann D, Allolio B, Ertl G, Angermann C, Stöke S (2007) Complementary and incremental mortality risk prediction by cortisol and aldosterone in chronic heart failure. Circulation 115:1754–1761

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. O’Neill B, Leonard B (1990) Abnormal zymosan-induced neutrophil chemiluminescence as a marker of depression. J Affect Disord 19:265–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Evans D, Folds J, Petitto J, Golden R, Pederson C, Coifan M, Gilmore J, Silva S, Quade D, Ozer H (1992) Circulating natural killer cell phenotypes in men and women with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:388–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Irwin M, Lacher U, Caldwell C (1992) Depression and reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity: a longitudinal study of depressed patients and control subjects. Psychol Med 22:1045–1050

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kronfol Z, Silva J, Greden J, Dembinski S, Gardner R, Carroll B (1983) Impaired lymphocyte function in depressive illness. Life Sci 33:241–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hornig M, Goodman D, Kamoun M, Amsterdam J (1998) Positive and negative acute phase proteins in affective subtypes. J Affect Disord 49:8–18

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kronfol Z (2003) Cytokine regulation in major depression. In: Kronfol Z (ed) Cytokines and mental health. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mehra V, Ramgolam V, Bender J (2005) Cytokines and cardiovascular disease. J Leukoc Biol 78:805–818

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Remick D (2003) Cytokines and cytokine receptors: principles of action. In: Kronfol Z (ed) Cytokines and mental health. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  96. Dantzer R (2006) Cytokine, sickness behavior and depression. Neurol Clin 24:441–460

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Maes M, Song C, Lin A, De Jong R, Gastel A, Kenis G, Bosman E, Meester I, Benoy I, Neels H, Demedts P, Janca A, Scharpe S, Smith R (1998) The effect of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a Th-1-like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine 10:313–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Heinz A, Hermann D, Smolka M, Rieks M, Graf K, Pohlau D, Khun W, Bauer M (2003) Effects of acute psychological stress on adhesion molecules, interleukins and sex hormones: implications for coronary heart disease. Psychopharmacology 165:111–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ackerman K, Martino M, Heyman R, Moyna N, Rabin B (1998) Stressor-induced alterations of cytokine production in multiple sclerosis patients and controls. Psychosom Med 60:484–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Goebel M, Mills P, Irwin M, Ziegler M (2000) Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α production after acute psychological stress, exercise and infused isoproterenol: Differential effects and pathways. Psychosom Med 62:591–598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Brydon L, Edwards S, Mohamed-Ali V, Steptoe A (2004) Socioeconomic status and stress induced increases in interleukin-6. Brain Behav Immun 18:281–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Steptoe A, Owen N, Kunz-Ebrecht S, Mohamed-Ali V (2002) Inflammatory cytokines, socioeconomic status, and acute stress responsivity. Brain Behav Immun 16:774–784

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Steptoe A, Willemsen G, Owen N, Flower L, Mohamed-Ali V (2001) Acute stress elicits delayed increases in circulating inflammatory cytokine levels. Clin Sci 101:185–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Kunz-Ebrecht S, Mohamed-Ali V, Feldman PJ, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A (2003) Cortisol responses to mild psychological stress are inversely associated with proinflammatory cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 17:373–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Kaestner F, Hettich M, Peters M, Sibrowski W, Hetzel G, Ponath G, Arolt V, Cassens U, Rothremundt M (2005) Different activation patterns of proinflammatory cytokines in melancholic and non-melancholic major depression are associated with HPA axis activity. J Affect Disord 87:305–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kim Y, Suh I, Kim H, Han C, Lim C, Choi S, Licinio J (2002) The plasma levels of interleukin-12 in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar mania: effects of psychotropic drugs. Mol Psychiatry 7:1107–1114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Maes M, Meltzer H, Bosman E, Bergmans R, Vandoolaeghe E, Ranjan R, Desnyder R (1995) Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 and transferring receptor in major depression. J Affect Disord 34:301–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Maes M, Bosman E, DeJongh R, Kenis G, Vandoolaeghe E, Neels H (1997) Increased serum IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations in major depression and treatment resistant depression. Cytokine 9:853–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Musselman D, Miller A, Porter M, Manatunga A, Gao F, Penna S, Pearce B, Landry J, Glover S, McDaniel S, Nemeroff C (2001) Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression: preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry 158:1252–1257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Seidel A, Arolt V, Hunstinger M, Rink L, Behnisch A, Kirchner H (1996) Increased CD 56+ natural killer cells and related cytokines in major depression. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 78:83–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Sluzewska A, Rybakowski J, Bosmans E, Sobieska M, Berghmans R, Maes M, Wiktorowici K (1996) Indicators of immune activation in major depression. Psychiatr Res 64:161–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lanquillon S, Krieg J, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Vedder H (2000) Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:370–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kim Y, Na K, Shin K, Jung H, Choi S, Kim J (2007) Cytokine imbalance in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31:1044–1053

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kubera M, Lin A, Kenis G, Bosman E, van Bockstaele D, Maes M (2001) Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants through suppression of the interferon-gamma/interleukin 10 production ratio. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21:199–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kenis G, Maes M (2002) Effects of antidepressants on the production of cytokines. Int J Neuropsychopharmocol 5:401–412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Pavon L, Sandoval-Lopez G, Hernandez M, Loria F, Estrada I, Perez M, Moreno J, Avila U, Leff P, Anton B, Heinze G (2006) Th2 cytokine response in major depressive disorder patients before treatment. J Neuroimmunol 172:156–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kubera M, Maes M, Holan V, Basta-Kaim A, Roman A, Shani J (2001) Prolonged desipramine treatment increased the production of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in C57BL/6 mice subjected to the chronic mild stress model of depression. J Affect Disord 63:171–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Myint A, Leonard B, Steinbusch H, Kim Y (2005) Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alteration in major depression. J Affect Disord 88:167–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Boekholdt M, Peters R, Hack E, Day N, Luben R, Bingham S, Wareham N, Reitsma P, Khaw K (2004) IL-8 plasma concentrations and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: The EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1503–1508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sneddon A, McLeod E, Whale K, Authur J (2006) Cytokine-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells involves platelet-activating factor: suppression by conjugated linoleic acid. Biochem Biophys Acta 1761:793–801

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Simonini A, Moscucci M, Muller D, Bates E, Pagani F, Burdick M, Strieter R (2000) IL-8 is an angiogenic factor in human coronary atherectomy tissue. Circulation 101:1519–1526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Angiolillo A, Kanegane H, Sgadari C, Reaman G, Tosato G (1997) Interleukin-15 promotes angiogenesis in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 233:231–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Kaartinen M, Penttila A, Kovanen P (1996) Mast cells in rupture prone areas of human coronary atheromas produce and store TNF-α. Circulation 94:2787–2792

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Maier W, Altwegg L, Corti R, Gay S, Hersberger M, Maly F, Sutsch G, Roffi M, Neidhart M, Eberli F, Tanner F, Gobbi S, von Ekardstein A, Luscher T (2005) Inflammatory markers at the site of ruptured plaque in acute myocardial infarction: locally increased interleukin-6 and serum amyloid A but decreased C-reactive protein. Circulation 111:1355–1361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Mallat Z, Corbaz A, Scoazec A, Besnard S, Lesche G, Chvatchko Y, Tedgui A (2001) Expression of interleukin-18 in human atherosclerotic plaques and relation to plaque instability. Circulation 104:1598–1603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Ikonomidis I, Athanassopoulos G, Lekakis J, Venetsanou K, Marinou M, Stamatelopoulos K, Cokkinos D, Nihoyannopoulos P (2005) Myocardial ischemia induces interleukin-6 and tissue factor production in patients with coronary artery disease: a dobutamine stress echocardiography study. Circulation 112:3272–3279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Simon A, Yazdani S, Wang W, Schwartz A, Rabbani L (2000) Circulating levels of IL-1β, a pro-thrombotic cytokine, are elevated in unstable angina versus stable angina. J Thromb Thrombolysis 9:217–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Fisman E, Benderly M, Esper R, Behar S, Boyko V, Adler Y, Tanne D, Matas Z, Tenebaum A (2006) Interleukin-6 and the risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with angina pectoris and/or healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 98:14–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kwaijtaal M, Diest R, Bar F, van der Ven A, Bruggeman C, Baets M, Appels A (2005) Inflammatory markers predict late cardiac events in patients who are exhausted after percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis 182:341–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Haehling S, Jankowska E, Anker S (2004) Tumour necrosis factor-α and the failing heart: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Basic Res Cardiol 99:18–28

    Google Scholar 

  131. Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Benedict C, Oral H, Young J, Mann D (1996) Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1201–1206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kremastinos D (2001) A glossary of circulating cytokines in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 3:517–526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Givertz M, Colucci W (1998) New targets for heart failure therapy: endothelin, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Lancet 352(suppl):34–38

    Google Scholar 

  134. Pagani F, Baker L, His C, Knox M, Fink M, Visner M (1992) Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction after infusion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 90:389–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Ferari R, Bachetti T, Confortini R, Opasich C, Febo O, Corti A, Cassani G, Visioli O (1995) Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 92:1479–1486

    Google Scholar 

  136. Tsutamoto T, Hisanaga T, Wada A, Maeda K, Ohnishi M, Fukai D, Mabuchi N, Sawaki M, Kinoshita M (1998) Interleukin-6 spillover in the peripheral circulation increases with the severity of heart failure, and the high plasma level of interleukin-6 is an important prognostic predictor in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:391–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Parissis J, Adamopoulos S, Rigas A, Kostakis G, Karatzas G, Venetsanou K, Kremastinos D (2004) Comparison of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and soluble apoptosis mediators in patients with chronic heart failure with versus without symptoms of depression. Am J Cardiol 94:1326–1328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Redwine L, Mills P, Hong S, Rutledge T, Reis V, Maisel A, Irwin M (2007) Cardiac-related hospitalization and/or death associated with immune dysregulation and symptoms of depression in heart failure patients. Psychosom Med 69:23–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Vorchheimer D, Badimon J, Fuster V (1999) Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists in cardiovascular disease. J Am Med Assoc 281:1407–1414

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Alexander J, Harrington R (1997) Antiplatelet and antithrombin therapies in the acute coronary syndromes. Curr Opin Cardiol 12:427–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kusumi I, Koyama T, Yamashita I (1994) Serotonin-induced platelet intracellular calcium mobilization in depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 113:322–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Bithell T (1993) The physiology of primary hemostasis. In: Wintrobe M (ed) Wintrobe’s clinical hematology, vol 1. Lea & Febiger, London, pp 540–555

    Google Scholar 

  143. Musselman D, Tomer A, Manatunga A, Knight B, Porter M, Kasey S, Marzec U, Harker L, Nemeroff C (1996) Exaggerated platelet reactivity in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 153:1313–1317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner W, Pollock B, Johnson P, Finkel M (1997) Elevated platelet factor 4 and β-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 42:290–295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Markovitz J, Shuster J, Tolbert L (1999) Effects of sertraline treatment of depression on platelet activation in an open-label study: implications for coronary disease. Psychosom Med 61:93

    Google Scholar 

  146. Markovitz J, Matthews K, Kiss J, Smitherman T (1996) Effects of hostility on platelet reactivity to psychological stress in coronary heart disease patients and healthy controls. Psychosom Med 58:143–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Hrdina P, Bakish D, Chudzik J, Ravindran A, Lapierre Y (1995) Serotonergic markers in platelets of patients with major depression: up regulation of 5-HT2 receptors. J Psychiatr Neurosci 20:11–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Neuger J, El Khoury A, Kjellman B, Wahlund B, Aberg-Wistedt A, Stain-Malmgren R (1999) Platelet serotonin functions in untreated major depression. Psychiatr Res 85:189–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Sheline Y, Bardgett M, Jackson L, Newcomer J, Csernansky J (1995) Platelet serotonin markers and depressive symptomatology. Biol Psychiatry 37:442–447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Von Kanel R (2004) Platelet hyperactivity in clinical depression and the beneficial effect of antidepressant drug treatment: how strong is the evidence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 110:163–177

    Google Scholar 

  151. Musselman D, Marzec U, Manatunga A, Penna S, Reemsnyder A, Knight B, Baron A, Hanson S, Nemeroff C (2000) Platelet reactivity in depressed patients treated with paroxetine: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:875–882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Mort J, Aparasu R, Baer R (2006) Interaction between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 26:1307–1313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Serebruany V, Glassman A, Malinin A, Nemeroff C, Musselman D, van Zyl L, Finkel M, Krishnan K, Gaffney M, Harrison W, Califf R, O’Connor C, for the Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial Study Group (2003) Platelet/endothelial biomarkers in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline after acute coronary events. The Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART) Platelet Substudy. Circulation 108:939–944

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Roose S, Laghriss-Thode F, Kennedy J, Nelson J, Bigger J, Pollock B, Gaffney A, Narayan M, Finkel M, McCafferty J, Gergel I (1998) Comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 279:287–291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Ogston D, McDonald G, Fullerton H (1962) The influence of anxiety on tests of blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity. Lancet 2:521–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Jern C, Eriksson E, Tengborn L, Risberg B, Wadenvik H, Jern S (1989) Changes of plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis in response to mental stress. Thromb Haemost 62:767–771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Grignani G, Soffiantino F, Zucchella M, Pacchiarini L, Tacconi F, Bonomi E, Pastoris A, Sbaffi A, Fratino P, Tavazzi L (1991) Platelet activation by emotional stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 83(suppl II):II-128–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Levine S, Towell B, Suarez A, Knieriem L, Harris M, George J (1985) Platelet activation and secretion associated with emotional stress. Circulation 71:1129–1134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto K, Shmiada K (1997) Earthquake-induced potentiation of acute risk factors in hypertensive elderly patients: possible triggering of cardiovascular events after a major earthquake. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:926–933

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Muldoon M, Bachen E, Manuck S, Waldstein S, Bricker P, Bennett J (1992) Acute cholesterol responses to mental stress and change in posture. Arch Intern Med 152:775–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Allen M, Patterson S (1995) Hemoconcentration and stress: a review of physiological mechanisms and relevance for cardiovascular disease risk. Biol Psychology 41:1–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Strike P, Magid K, Whithead S, Brydon L, Bhattacharyya M, Steptoe A (2006) Pathophysiological processes underlying emotional triggering of acute cardiac events. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:4322–4327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Mehta J, Mehta P (1979) Platelet function studies in heart disease. VI. Enhanced platelet aggregate formation activity in congestive heart failure: inhibition by sodium nitroprusside. Circulation 60:497–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Sbarouni E, Bradshaw A, Andreotti F, Tuddenham E, Oakley C, Cleland J (1994) Relationship between hemostatic abnormalities and neuroendocrine activity in heart failure. Am Heart J 127:607–612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Ueland T, Aukurst P, Yndestad A, Otterdal K, Froland S, Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, Gullestad L, Damas J (2005) Soluble CD40 ligand in acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 26:1101–1107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. O’Connor C, Gurbel P, Serebruany V (1999) Usefulness of soluble and surface-bound p-selectin in detecting heightened platelet activity in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 83:1345–1349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Gurbel PA, Gattis WA, Fuzaylov SF, Gaulden L, Hasselblad V, Serebruany VL, O’Connor C (2002) Evaluation of platelets in heart failure: is platelet activity related to etiology, functional class or clinical outcomes. Am Heart J 142:1068–1075

    Google Scholar 

  168. Möller J, Hallqvist J, Diderichsen F, Theorell T, Reuterwall C, Ahlbom A (1999) Do episodes of anger trigger myocardial infarction: a case-crossover analysis in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP). Psychosom Med 61:842–849

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Trichpoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Zavitsanos X, Tzonou A, Dalla-Vorgia P (1983) Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: the Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Lancet 1:441–444

    Google Scholar 

  170. Steinberg J, Arshad A, Kowalski M, Kukar A, Suma V, Vloka M, Ehlert F, Herweg B, Donnelly J, Philip J, Reed G, Rozanski A (2004) Increased incidence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in implantable defibrillator patients after the World Trade Center attack. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:261–264

    Google Scholar 

  171. Shedd O, Sears S, Harvill J, Arshad A, Conti J, Steinberg J, Curtis A (2004) The World Trade Center attack: increased frequency of defibrillator shocks for ventricular arrhythmias in patients living remotely from New York City. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1265–1267

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Gump B, Reihman J, Stewart P, Lonkey E, Darvill T (2005) Terrorism and cardiovascular responses to acute stress in children. Health Psychol 24:594–600

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Chi J, Poole K, Kandefer S, Kloner R (2003) Cardiovascular mortality in New York City after September 11, 2001. Am J Cardiol 92:857–861

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Burg M, Jain D, Soufer R, Kerns R, Zaret B (1993) Role of behavioral and psychological factors in mental stress-induced silent left ventricular dysfunction in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:440–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Rozanski A, Bairey C, Krantz D, Friedman J, Resser K, Morell M, Hilton-Chalfen S, Hestrin L, Bietendord J, Berman D (1988) Mental stress and the induction of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 318:1005–1011

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Blumenthal J, Jiang W, Waugh R, Frid D, Morris J, Coleman E, Hanson M, Babyak M, Thyrum E, Krantz D, O’Connor C (1995) Mental stress-induced ischemia and ambulatory ischemia during daily life: association and hemodynamic features. Circulation 92:2102–2108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Sheps D, McMahon R, Becker L, Carney R, Freedland E, Cohen J, Sheffield D, Goldberg A, Ketterer M, Pepine C, Raczynski J, Light K, Krantz D, Stone P, Knatterud G, Kaufmann P (2002) Mental stress-induced ischemia and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Psychological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia Study. Circulation 105:1780–1784

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Jiang W, Babyak M, Krantz D, Waugh R, Coleman E, Hanson M, Frid D, McNulty S, Morris J, O’Connor C, Blumenthal J (1996) Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. J Am Med Assoc 275:1651–1656

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Jain D, Burg M, Soufer R, Zaret B (1995) Prognostic implication of mental stress-induced silent left ventricular dysfunction in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 76:31–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Krantz D, Santiago H, Kop W, Bairey Merz C, Rozanski A, Gottdiener J (1999) Prognostic value of mental stress testing in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 84:1292–1297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Ramachandruni S, Fillingim R, McGorray S, Schmalfuss C, Cooper G, Schofield R, Sheps D (2006) Mental stress provokes ischemia in coronary artery disease subjects without exercise- or adenosine-induced ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:987–991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Hunziker P, Gradel C, Muller-Brand J, Buser P, Pfisterer M (1998) Improved myocardial ischemia detection by combined physical and mental stress testing. Am J Cardiol 82:109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Goldberg A, Becker L, Bonsall R, Cohen J, Ketterer M, Kaufman P, Krantz D, Light K, McMahon R, Noreuil T, Pepine C, Raczynski J, Stone P, Strother D, Taylor H, Sheps D (1996) Ischemic, hemodynamic and neurohormonal responses to mental and exercise stress. Experiences from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia study (PIMI). Circulation 94:2402–2409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Papademetriou V, Gottdiener J, Kop W, Howell R, Kranz D (1996) Transient coronary occlusion with mental stress. Am Heart J 132:1299–1301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Kop W, Krantz DS, Howell R, Ferguson M, Papademetriou V, Lu D, Popma J, Quigley J, Vernalis M, Gottdiener J (2001) Effects of mental stress on coronary epicardial vasomotion and flow velocity in coronary artery disease: relationship with hemodynamic stress responses. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:1359–1366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Boltwood M, Taylor C, Burke M, Grogin H, Giacomini J (1993) Anger report predicts coronary artery vasomotor response to mental stress in atherosclerotic segments. Am J Cardiol 72:1361–1365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Yeung A, Vekshtein V, Krantz D, Vita J, Ryan T, Ganz P, Selwyn A (1991) The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of the coronary arteries to mental stress. N Engl J Med 325:1551–1556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Dakak N, Quyyumi A, Eisenhofer G, Goldstein D, Cannon R (1995) Sympathetically mediated effects of mental stress on the cardiac microcirculation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 76:125–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Arrighi J, Burg M, Cohen I, Kao A, Pfau S, Caulin-Glaser T, Zaret B, Soufer R (2000) Myocardial blood-flow response during mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Lancet 356:310–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Barnard R, MacAlpin R, Kattus A, Buckberg G (1973) Ischemic response to sudden strenuous exercise in healthy men. Circulation 48:936–941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Krantz D, Sheps D, Carney R, Natelson B (2000) Effects of mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease: evidence and clinical implications. J Am Med Assoc 283:1800–1802

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Gullette E, Blumenthal J, Babyak M, Jiang W, Waugh R, Frid D, O’Conner C, Morris J, Krantz D (1997) Effects of mental stress on myocardial ischemia during daily life. JAMA 277:1521–1526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Krantz D, Kop W, Gabbay F, Rozanski A, Barnard M, Klein J, Pardo Y, Gottdiener J (1996) Circadian variation of ambulatory myocardial ischemia. Circulation 7:1364–1371

    Google Scholar 

  194. Hassan M, York K, Li H, Li Q, Sheps D (2007) Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Nucl Cardiol 14:308–313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Akinboboye O, Krantz D, Kop W, Schwartz S, Levine J, Negro A, et al (2005) Comparison of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease patients with versus without left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 95:322–326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants HL 070265 and HL 072059 of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. This material is also the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. VAMC, Psychology Service (116b), North Florida/South Georgia VA Healthcare System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA

    Kaki M. York

  2. VAMC, Cardiology Research, North Florida/South Georgia VA Healthcare System, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA

    Mustafa Hassan & David S. Sheps

  3. Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Mustafa Hassan & David S. Sheps

Authors
  1. Kaki M. York
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mustafa Hassan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David S. Sheps
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaki M. York.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

York, K.M., Hassan, M. & Sheps, D.S. Psychobiology of depression/distress in congestive heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 14, 35–50 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-008-9091-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-008-9091-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation