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Use of multivariate analysis to identify phytoplankton bioindicators of stream water quality in the monomodal equatorial agroecological zone of Cameroon

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Abstract

The aquatic ecosystem is compromised by many contaminants that may reduce ecosystem functions and severely affect human health. This study aimed at determining suitable phytoplankton bioindicators of water quality for biomonitoring of freshwater streams in the monomodal agroecological zone of Cameroon. Water physicochemical and hydrological parameters, together with phytoplankton abundance and diversity, were measured from June 2016 to May 2017 along the Benoe Stream. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis were used to determine phytoplankton spatial and temporal distribution and identify indicator species. The Shannon–Wiener diversity and Pielou’s evenness indices indicated a clean to mildly polluted stream with a diverse phytoplankton community consisting of 84 genera belonging to 51 families that was dominated by the Bacillariophyta (64%), followed by Chlorophyta (13%) and Cyanophyta (10%). The total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, stream water velocity, and discharge were the most important stream characteristics affecting the abundance of the dominant phytoplankton genera. Seasonal variations in the stream characteristics as well as spatial community distribution along an urban—small-scale farming – large-scale farming gradient were unveiled and their influence on the phytoplankton relative abundances. Increased abundance of Synedra ulna was indicative of low TDS and EC, which was the contrary for Gyrosigma baltium dominance. High Pleurosira laevis abundance was associated with the urban zone while high Diatoma sp. and Oscillatoria sp. abundances were related to the large-scale farming zone of the stream. These phytoplankton species have good potential for use as bioindicators for stream water quality monitoring in the monomodal agroecological zone.

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Data availability

Data sets used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author (patriciafai17@gmail.com) upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The research team is very grateful to the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) who gave authorization to access their Estates and Tepoule Joseph for his assistance in preparing the map of the study sites.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Biology, Dschang School of Science and Technology, University of Dschang, BP 96 Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon

    Patricia Bi Asanga Fai, Daniel Brice Nkontcheu Kenko, Norbert Ngameni Tchamadeu & Mpoame Mbida

  2. College of Technology, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 70, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon

    Patricia Bi Asanga Fai

  3. Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

    Daniel Brice Nkontcheu Kenko

  4. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branisovska, 1760 370 05, České Budějovice, South Bohemia, Czech Republic

    Krystof Korejs & Jan Riegert

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Contributions

Patricia Bi Asanga Fai: Conception, Supervision, Summary statistics and preparation of Fig. 2, Restructured the initial manuscript text to incorporate all results.

Daniel Brice Nkontcheu Kenko: Field Work, Laboratory Analyses, Data Analysis using R, Drafting of the initial manuscript, preparation of Figs. 1 and 3.

Norbert Tchamadeu Ngameni: Data Analysis using R and Proof-reading of initial manuscript.

Mpoame Mbida: Supervision

Kyrstof Korej: tested the relationships among percentages of algae genera and environmental variables using Statistica 13 software

Jan Riegert: Did PCA and CCA analyses and prepared Figs. 4, 5 and 6

All authors reviewed the manuscriptt.

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Correspondence to Patricia Bi Asanga Fai.

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Fai, P.B.A., Kenko, D.B.N., Tchamadeu, N.N. et al. Use of multivariate analysis to identify phytoplankton bioindicators of stream water quality in the monomodal equatorial agroecological zone of Cameroon. Environ Monit Assess 195, 788 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11390-8

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