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Metal bioaccumulation and its genotoxic effects on eggs and hatchlings of giant Amazon river turtle (Podocnemis expansa)

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess whether possible metal contamination in the sediment of the nests of giant Amazon river turtle, Podocnemis expansa, could contaminate eggs and hatchlings, triggering genotoxic damage. Therefore, sediments of P. expansa nests from two sites in the Brazilian Amazon were evaluated, with the first being collected at Araguaia River and the second at Crixás-Açu River. Newly hatched offspring, eggs, and sediments were collected from the beaches of these two rivers and the quantification of metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy. All targeted metals were found in both sediment and P. expansa biological samples collected on the beaches presenting higher concentrations in the sediment of Crixás-Açu River. Metals found in the eggshells before nesting and in the egg contents were maternally transferred. Moreover, augmented concentration of metals led by metal transfer from the nests sediments were detected in the eggshells after nesting (ENH) and in the newly hatched offspring (H). Probably this metal relocation to the newly hatchlings augmented the frequency of micronuclei in their blood, presenting 15.25‰ in hatchling found in Crixás-Açu River beaches and 10‰ in newly hatched animals from Araguaia River beaches. These results indicate the occurrence of maternal transfer of metals (essential or not) to the eggs in testudines as well as a transference from the sediments to the nesting eggs, triggering genotoxic effects on the hatchlings.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank ICMBio/RAN, IBAMA and their respective Amazon Chelonians Project (ACP) for carrying out the sampling expeditions when possible, especially Ana Paula Lustosa and Leo Caetano Fernandes da Silva. The authors also thank all their undergraduation students and the local people for their logistical support in the field, and for all field work assistance during the monitoring of females and nests on the island’s beaches. The authors also acknowledge Marli de Oliveira Silva for her assistance with the chemical analysis. The authors would like to thank to Research and Development Department of Tommasi Ambiental for the trace element analysis and support assistance.

Funding

This research was supported by Espírito Santo State Scientific Research Foundation (FAPES), grants # 76413730/16. Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination - Brazil (CAPES) provided postgraduate stipends for the student Alexandra Frossard.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology, Vila Velha University, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil

    Alexandra Frossard, Gabriel Carvalho Coppo & Adriana Regina Chippari-Gomes

  2. Laboratory of Health and Wildlife, Vila Velha University, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil

    Amanda Toledo Lourenço

  3. Department of Research and Development –Tommasi Ambiental, Av. Arara Azul, 187, Novo Horizonte, Serra, ES, Brazil

    Otávio Arruda Heringer

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  1. Alexandra Frossard
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  2. Gabriel Carvalho Coppo
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Contributions

AF: performed the study, collected the data, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. GCC: performed the statistical analysis. ATL: contributed to collect the data. OAH: contributed with the data (metal analysis). ARCG: provided mentorship and contributed to and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alexandra Frossard.

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Sampling methodology and all the procedures realized in this study were conducted respecting the following authorizations for scientific activities: Ministry of the Environment (Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA)); Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio)); Biodiversity Authorization and Information System (Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO) (Number: 50290-1)); and Committee on Ethics in Animal Use at Vila Velha University (Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais) (CEUA) (# 357-2015), for the 2015/2018 breeding seasons.

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Frossard, A., Coppo, G.C., Lourenço, A.T. et al. Metal bioaccumulation and its genotoxic effects on eggs and hatchlings of giant Amazon river turtle (Podocnemis expansa). Ecotoxicology 30, 643–657 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02384-8

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