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Genetic structure and effective population size of Sydney rock oysters in eastern Australia

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Abstract

Oyster reef habitats are critical to coastal biodiversity and their decline has prompted restoration efforts in Australia. Knowledge gaps exist regarding the population structure and diversity of key species in these habitats. This may be critical information for the design of effective restoration programs. Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) are the dominant reef-forming bivalve in eastern Australia. Wild populations of S. glomerata have declined due to overharvesting, disease outbreaks, coastal development and reduced water quality. Here, we use genetic markers identified by genome-wide sequencing to investigate the genetic structure and diversity of wild Sydney rock oysters throughout their distribution in eastern Australia. We examine evidence for past population bottlenecks and spatial genetic structure associated with the East Australian Current. Analysis of 3, 400 neutral single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed a single population, and an overlap with two other Saccostrea sp. at the northernmost boundary of the distribution. We detected signals of asymmetric gene flow consistent with the direction of the East Australian Current, and spatial structure patterns of limited genetic isolation by distance and spatial autocorrelation in the northern region (which experiences stronger effects of the East Australian Current) but not in the southern region of the distribution. We found no evidence of significant recent bottlenecks, with high effective population size throughout the species’ range. This information will provide a baseline against which to assess the impact of restoration projects, and guide strategies for sourcing stock for the enhancement of wild oyster populations. Our results provide a positive outlook for the resilience and adaptive capacity of Sydney rock oysters, and highlight wild populations as valuable resources for aquaculture and restoration initiatives.

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Fig. 1

adapted from Wijeratne et al. (2018)

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Data availability

Datasets generated and/or analysed during this project are available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4589782).

Code availability

Codes for the analyses described herein are available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4589782).

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend sincere thanks to the oyster industry in eastern Australia for sharing knowledge of local oyster populations, and Shana Ahmed, Liam O’Hare, Cathy James, Peter James and Maria Vozzo for assistance with fieldwork. This work was funded in part by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant #DP150101363 to DAR (with Melanie J. Bishop), an Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre Grant #IC130100009 to DAR (with Paul A. Haynes, Wayne A. O'Connor and others), and Macquarie University. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their insightful and constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded in part by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant #DP150101363 to DAR (with Melanie J. Bishop), an Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre Grant #IC130100009 to DAR (with Paul A. Haynes, Wayne A. O'Connor and others), and Macquarie University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia

    Jessica A. O’Hare, David A. Raftos & Adam J. Stow

  2. Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Paolo Momigliano

  3. Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia

    David A. Raftos

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  1. Jessica A. O’Hare
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Contributions

JAO, DAR and AJS conceived the project; JAO collected the samples and generated data; DAR, AJS and PM supervised the research; JAO, DAR, AJS and PM developed or designed methods; JAO analysed the data; JAO wrote the paper; DAR, AJS and PM substantially edited the paper; PM contributed substantial materials and resources.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jessica A. O’Hare.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

Sampling was conducted under General Fisheries Permit 188883 (Queensland), Scientific Collection Permit P07/0047-6.0 (New South Wales), Fisheries General Research Permit RP1288 (Victoria) and National Parks Research Permit 10008300 (Croajingolong National Park). Sample processing at Macquarie University was completed under Biosafety Permit 5201600675.

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O’Hare, J.A., Momigliano, P., Raftos, D.A. et al. Genetic structure and effective population size of Sydney rock oysters in eastern Australia. Conserv Genet 22, 427–442 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01343-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01343-4

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