Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cryopreservation of Human Oocytes and Ovarian Tissue

  • Published:
Cell and Tissue Banking Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Oocyte cryopreservation has the potential to be an important adjunct to assisted reproductive technologies and bypasses some ethical, moral, and religious dilemmas posed by human embryo cryopreservation. The success of human oocyte cryopreservation depends on morphological and biophysical factors that could influence oocyte survival after thawing. Among the morphological factors, the maturity, quality, size of the oocyte, the presence or the absence of the cumulus oophorus seems to play an important role in oocyte survival after thawing. The main biophysical factor of cellular disruption during cryopreservation process in the intracellular ice formation that can be avoided by an adequate cell dehydration; thus reducing the intracellular water by increasing the dehydration process we can limit the damages of the cryopreservation procedure. The dehydration process can be affected by the presence and concentration of the cryoprotectants in the freezing solutions (equilibration and loading solutions), and by the freezing and thawing rate. Two additional properties of cryoprotectants help to protect cells during slow cooling, when the cells are very dehydrated and are surrounded by concentrated salts. The cryoprotectants appear to reduce damage caused by high levels of salt, a property known as salt buffering. Some events occurring to the oocyte during cryopreservation procedure has been found to be a premature exocitosis of cortical granules, leading to an intempestive zona hardening and consequently to a reduction of fertilization rate, and the cryoinjury to the zona pellucida leading to a polispermic fertilization. ICSI is an efficient method to by pass these two events and to achieve a satisfactory outcome in terms of normal fertilization of cryopreserved oocytes. The application of the ICSI to cryopreserved oocytes did not seem to increase the degeneration rate after insemination with respect to fresh oocytes. The increased oocyte survival rate and the use of ICSI have facilitated the recent increase in the number of pregnancies and live birth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

EG:

Ethyleneglycol

GV:

Germinal vesicle

ICSI:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

IVF:

In vitro fertilization

MII:

Mathaphase II

PBS:

Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered solution

PROH:

1,2-Propanediol

S:

Sucrose

References

  • S. Al Hasani K. Diedrich (1995) Oocyte storage J.G. Grudzinskas J.L. Yovich (Eds) Gametes-The Oocyte. Chap. 15 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 376–394

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Al Hasani K. Diedrich H. Ven ParticleVan der et al. (1987) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of human oocytes Hum. Reprod. 2 695–700 Occurrence Handle3437048 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXntFKhsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Albani G. Morreale V. Parini et al. (2002) ArticleTitlePreliminary experience in oocytes cryopreservation Fertil. Steril. 78 IssueID 3 Suppl. 1 S128–S129 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03724-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Antinori G. Dani H.A. Selman et al. (1998) ArticleTitlePregnancy after sperm injection into cryopreserved human oocytes Hum. Reprod. 13 157–158

    Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Ashwood-Smith G.W. Morris R. Fowler et al. (1988) ArticleTitlePhysical factors are involved in the destruction of embryos and oocytes during freezing and thawing procedures Hum. Reprod. 3 795–802 Occurrence Handle3220945 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M7itlOkuw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Balakier R.F. Casper (1993) ArticleTitleExperimentally induced parthenogenetic activation of human oocytes Hum. Reprod. 8 740–743 Occurrence Handle8314970 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3szgtFSkuw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.E. Battaglia P.E. Patton D. Lee et al. (2003) ArticleTitleOocyte cryopreservation success: A case study of opportunity to salvage an impending S IVF failure Fertil. Steril. 79 IssueIDSuppl 2 14 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00104-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Bernard J.E. Hunter B. Fuller et al. (1992) ArticleTitleFertilization and embryonic development of human oocytes after cooling Hum. Reprod. 7 1447–1450 Occurrence Handle1291575 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s7nvFGguw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Boldt D. Cline D. McLaughlin (2003) ArticleTitleHuman oocyte cryopreservation as an adjunct to IVF-embryo transfer cycles Hum. Reprod. 18 IssueID6 1250–1255 Occurrence Handle12773454 Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/deg242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Borini M.G. Bafaro M.A. Bonu et al. (1998) ArticleTitlePregnancies after freezing and thawing: preliminary data Hum. Reprod. 13 124–125 Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/13.1.124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.Y. Cha S.W. Hong H.M. Chung et al. (1999) ArticleTitlePregnancy and implantation from vitrified oocytes following in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) Fertil. Steril. 72 IssueIDsuppl 1 S2

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Chen (1988) ArticleTitlePregnancies after human oocyte cryopreservation Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 541 541–549 Occurrence Handle3195932 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2FmtVyqtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Chen (1986) ArticleTitlePregnancy after human oocyte cryopreservation Lancet 1 884–886 Occurrence Handle2870356 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL287ntlOltw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90989-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S.U. Chen Y.R. Lien Y.Y. Tsai et al. (2002) ArticleTitleSuccessful pregnancy occurred from slowly freezing human oocytes using the regime of 1.5 mol/l 1,2-propanediol with 0.3 mol/l sucrose Hum. Reprod. 17 IssueID5 1412–1413 Occurrence Handle11980778 Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/17.5.1412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C.M. Chia W.B. Chan E. Quah L.C. Cheng (2000) ArticleTitleTriploid pregnancy after ICSI of frozen testicular spermatozoa into cryopreserved human oocytes: case report Hum. Reprod. 15 IssueID9 1962–1964 Occurrence Handle10966995 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvot12rtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/15.9.1962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Damien A.A. Luciano J.J. Peluso (1990) ArticleTitlePropanediol alters intracellular pH and developmental potential of mouse zygotes independentely of volume change Hum. Reprod. 5 212–216 Occurrence Handle2324264 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXit1aqtbk%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diedrich K., Al Hasani S., van den Ven H. and Krebs D. 1987. Successful in vitro fertilization of frozen-thawed rabbit and human oocytes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on IVF and ET, Seattlepp. 562–570.

  • J.C.M. Dumoulin J. Marj Bergers Janssen H.E.C. Pieters et al. (1994) ArticleTitleThe protective effects of polymers in the cryopreservation of human and mouse zonae pellucidae and embryos Fertil. Steril. 62 793–798 Occurrence Handle7926089 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FhtVyguw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Eroglu T.L. Toth M. Toner (1998) ArticleTitleAlterations of the cytoskeleton and polyploidy induced by cryopreservation of metaphase II mouse oocytes Fertil. Steril. 69 IssueID5 944–957 Occurrence Handle9591507 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3lt1Wrsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00030-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Fabbri E. Porcu T. Marsella et al. (2001) ArticleTitleHuman oocyte cryopreservation: new perspectives regarding oocyte survival Hum. Reprod. 16 411–416 Occurrence Handle11228204 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3jsFSnsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/16.3.411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Fabbri E. Porcu T. Marsella et al. (1998) ArticleTitleOocyte cryopreservation Hum. Reprod. 13 IssueIDSuppl 4 8–108

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Fabbri E. Porcu T. Marsella et al. (2000) ArticleTitleTechnical aspects of oocyte cryopreservation Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 169 39–42 Occurrence Handle11155952 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsV2gsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00349-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Fosas F. Marina P.J. Torres et al. (2003) ArticleTitleThe births of five Spanish babies from cryopreserved donated oocytes Hum. Reprod. 18 IssueID7 1417–1421 Occurrence Handle12832365 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szkvFCrsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/deg297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Friedler L. Giudice E. Lamb (1988) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of embryos and ova Fertil. Steril. 49 743–764 Occurrence Handle3282929 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1c7ps1Ckug%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Gook S. Osborn W. Johnston (1993) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of mouse and human oocytes using 1,2-propanediol and the configuration of the meiotic spindle Hum. Reprod. 8 1101–1109 Occurrence Handle8408494 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2Fhtlehsg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Gook S. Osborn H. Bourne et al. (1994) ArticleTitleFertilization of human oocytes following cryopreservation; normal karyotipes and absence of stray chromosomes Hum. Reprod. 9 684–691 Occurrence Handle8046024 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2czitFGgtw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Gook M.C. Schiewe S. Osborn et al. (1995) ArticleTitleIntracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo development of human oocytes cryopreserved using 1,2 propanediol Hum. Reprod. 10 2637–2641 Occurrence Handle8567784 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287mtVGjug%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Hunter A. Bernard B. Fuller et al. (1991) ArticleTitleFertilization and development of the human oocyte following exposure to cryoprotectants, low temperatures and cryopreservation: a comparison of two techniques Hum. Reprod. 6 1460–1465 Occurrence Handle1770145 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK387itFCjsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Imoedehme A.B. Sigue (1992) ArticleTitleSurvival of human oocytes cryopreserved with or without the cumulus in 1,2-propanediol J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 9 323–327 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01203954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.H. Johnson S.J. Pickering (1987) ArticleTitleThe effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the microtubular system of the mouse oocytes Development 100 313–324 Occurrence Handle3652973 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXksFKltL0%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.H. Johnson (1989) ArticleTitleThe effect on fertilization of exposure of mouse oocytes to dimethyl sulfoxide: an optimal protocol J. In Vitro Fertil. Embryo Transf. 6 168–175 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FhtVGqsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01130783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.P. Katayama J. Stehlik M. Kuwayama et al. (2003) ArticleTitleHigh survival rate of vitrified human oocytes results in clinical pregnancy Fertil. Steril. 80 IssueID1 223–224 Occurrence Handle12849831 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00551-X

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Kazem L.A. Thompson A. Srikantharajah et al. (1995) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of human oocytes and fertilization by two techniques: in-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection Hum. Reprod. 10 2650–2654 Occurrence Handle8567786 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287mtVGisg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Kuleshova L. Gianaroli C. Magli et al. (1999) ArticleTitleBirth following vitrification of a small number of human oocytes Hum. Reprod. 14 3077–3079 Occurrence Handle10601099 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FmvFyhtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/14.12.3077

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S.E. Lanzendorf J.F. Mayer J. Toner et al. (1999) ArticleTitlePregnancy following transfer of ooplasm from cryopreserved-thawed donor oocytes into recipient oocytes Fertil. Steril. 71 IssueID3 575–577 Occurrence Handle10065803 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7mtlKrtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00504-4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Mandelbaum A.M. Junca C. Tibi et al. (1988) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of immature and mature hamster and human oocytes In Vitro Fertil. Assist. Reprod. 541 550–561 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2FmtVyqug%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.A. Miller S. Ross B. Levy et al. (2003) ArticleTitlePregnancy following oocyte cryopreservation combined with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of the embryos. A case report Fertil. Steril. 80 IssueIDSuppl 3 S62 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(03)01969-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Nawroth K. Kissing (1998) ArticleTitlePregnancy after intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) of cryopreserved human oocytes Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 77 462–463 Occurrence Handle9598959 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3lvV2jtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0412.1998.770419.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Pickering P. Braude M. Johnson (1991) ArticleTitleCryoprotection of human oocyte: inappropriate exposure to DMSO reduces fertilization rates Hum. Reprod. 6 142–143 Occurrence Handle1874947 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3MzktFSmtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Polak de Fried J. Notrica M. Rubistein et al. (1998) ArticleTitlePregnancy after human donor oocyte cryopreservation and thawing in association with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a patient with ovarian failure Fertil. Steril. 3 555–557 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(97)00530-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri P.M. Ciotti et al. (1999a) ArticleTitleCycles of human oocyte cryopreservation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: results of 112 cycles Fertil. Steril. 72 S2

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri P.M. Ciotti et al. (2001) ArticleTitleFour healthy children from frozen human oocytes and frozen human sperms Fertil. Steril. 76 IssueID3 Suppl 1 S76–S77 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02235-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri P.M. Ciotti et al. (1999b) ArticleTitleOngoing pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of epididymal spermatozoa into cryopreserved human oocytes J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 16 283–285 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3msl2mug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1020375714978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri P.M. Ciotti et al. (2002) ArticleTitleOocytes or embryo storage? Fertil. Steril. 78 IssueID3 Suppl 1 S15 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03418-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri G. Damiano et al. (2000a) ArticleTitleClinical experience and applications of oocyte cryopreservation Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 169 33–37 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsV2gsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00348-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri R. Seracchioli et al. (1997) ArticleTitleBirth of a healthy female after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of cryopreserved human oocytes Fertil. Steril. 4 724–726 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(97)00268-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri R. Seracchioli et al. (1998) ArticleTitleBirth of six healthy children after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of cryopreserved human oocytes Hum. Reprod. 13 124 Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/13.1.124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu R. Fabbri R. Seracchioli et al. (2000b) ArticleTitleObstretic, perinatal outcome and follow up of children conceived from cryopreserved oocytes Fertil. Steril. 74 IssueID 3 Suppl 1 S48 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00849-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Porcu (1999) ArticleTitleFreezing of oocytes Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 11 297–300 Occurrence Handle10369207 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3psFyrsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1097/00001703-199906000-00011

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Quintans M.J. Donaldson M.V. Bertolino R.S. Pasqualini (2002) ArticleTitleBirth of two babies using oocytes that were cryopreserved in a choline-based freezing medium Hum. Reprod. 17 3149–3152 Occurrence Handle12456615 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltFansA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/humrep/17.12.3149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W.F. Rall D.S. Reid C. Polge (1984) ArticleTitleAnalysis of slow-warming injury of mouse embryos by cryomicroscopical and physiochemical methods Cryobiology 21 106–121 Occurrence Handle6713935 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL2c7otFOlsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0011-2240(84)90027-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.H. Sathananthan S.C. Ng A. Trounson et al. (1988a) ArticleTitleThe effects of ultrarapid freezing on meiotic and mitotic spindles of mouse oocytes and embryos Gamete Res. 21 385–401 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M7itFyjsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/mrd.1120210407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.H. Sathananthan A. Trounson L. Freeman T. Brady (1988b) ArticleTitleThe effects of cooling human oocytes Hum. Reprod. 8 968–977

    Google Scholar 

  • M.E. Schalkoff S.P. Oskowitz R.D. Powers (1989) ArticleTitleUltrastructural observations of human and mouse oocytes treated with cryopreservatives Biol. Reprod. 40 379–393 Occurrence Handle2720033 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M3kslKntQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1095/biolreprod40.2.379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Serafini C. Tran T. Tan et al. (1995) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of human oocytes: a clinical trial J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 12 1S–220S Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02214119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Shaw A.O. Trounson (1989) ArticleTitleParthenogenetic activation of unfertilised mouse oocytes by exposure to 1,2 propanediol is influenced by temperatureoocyte age and cumulus removal Gamete Res. 24 269–279 Occurrence Handle2599505 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXjvFGj Occurrence Handle10.1002/mrd.1120240304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw J.M. 1993. In: Trounson A. and Gardner D. (Eds) In Vitro Fertilization. Chap. 11. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

  • E.R. Siebzehnruebl S. Todorow J. van Uem et al. (1989) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of human and rabbit oocytes and one-cell embryos: a comparison of DMSO and propanediol Hum. Reprod. 4 312–317 Occurrence Handle2715308 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhvVWlsbs%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Todorow E. Seibzehnrubl R. Kock et al. (1989) ArticleTitleComparative results on survival of human and animal eggs using different cryoprotectants and freeze–thaw regimens II: human Hum. Reprod. 4 812–816 Occurrence Handle2606959 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3c7htVCntg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Toth S.E. Lazendorf B.A. Sandow et al. (1994) ArticleTitleCryopreservation of human prophase I oocytes collected from unstimulated follicles Fertil. Steril. 61 1077–1082 Occurrence Handle8194620 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3lt1Chtw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Trounson (1986) ArticleTitleFreezing human eggs and embryos Fertil. Steril. 46 1–12 Occurrence Handle3522279 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL283kvVWmsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.O. Trounson C. Kirby (1989) ArticleTitleProblems in cryopreservation of unfertilized eggs by slow cooling in dimethyl sulfoxide Fertil. Steril. 52 778–786 Occurrence Handle2680626 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FjtlCnsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Tucker G. Wright P. Morton et al. (1996) ArticleTitlePreliminary experience with human oocyte cryopreservation using 1,2 propanediol and sucrose Hum. Reprod. 11 1513–1515 Occurrence Handle8671495 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xls1Cju7g%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Tucker G. Wright P. Morton et al. (1998) ArticleTitleBirth after cryopreservation of immature oocytes with subsequent in vitro maturation Fertil. Steril. 3 578–579 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00205-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Blerkom ParticleVan P.W. Davis (1994) ArticleTitleCytogenetic, cellular and developmental consequences of cryopreservation of immature and human oocytes Microsc. Res. Tech. 27 165–193 Occurrence Handle8123908 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jemt.1070270209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. Elst ParticleVan der E. Abbeel ParticleVan der S. Nerinckx A. Steirteghem ParticleVan (1992) ArticleTitleParthenogenetic activation of pattern and microtubular organization of the mouse oocytes after exposure to 1,2-propanediol Cryobiology 29 549–562 Occurrence Handle1424712 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0011-2240(92)90060-F

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.F.H.M. Uem ParticleVan E.R. Siebzehnruebl B. Schuh et al. (1987) ArticleTitleBirth after cryopreservation of unfertilised oocytes Lancet 2 752–753

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Vincent S.J. Pickering M.H. Johnson (1990) ArticleTitleThe zona hardening effect of dimethyl sulfoxide requires the presence of an oocyte and is associated with reduction in the number of cortical granules present J. Reprod. Fertil. 89 253–259 Occurrence Handle2374118 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXksFGgsbo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1530/jrf.0.0890253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Whittingham (1977) ArticleTitleFertilization in vitro and development to term of unfertilized mouse oocytes previously stored at −196 °C J. Reprod. Fertil. 49 89–94 Occurrence Handle833794 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE2s%2Fps1OhsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1530/jrf.0.0490089

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Whittingham (1980) Parthenogenesis in mammals C.A. Finn (Eds) Oxford Reviews Reprod Med Clarendon Press Oxford UK 205–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang D.S., Blohm P.L., Winslow L. 1998. A twin pregnancy after microinjection of human cryopreserved oocyte with a specially developed oocyte cryopreservation regime. Fertil. Steril. S239–S357

  • T.K. Yoon T.J. Kim S.E. Park et al. (2003) ArticleTitleLive births after␣vitrification of oocytes in a stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program Fertil. Steril. 79 IssueID6 1323–1326 Occurrence Handle12798878 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00258-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Young A. Kenny E. Puigdomenech et al. (1998) ArticleTitleTriplet pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of cryopreserved oocytes: case report Fertil. Steril. 2 360–361 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00150-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Human Reproduction Medicine Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy

    Raffaella Fabbri

Authors
  1. Raffaella Fabbri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raffaella Fabbri.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fabbri, R. Cryopreservation of Human Oocytes and Ovarian Tissue. Cell Tissue Banking 7, 113–122 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10561-005-1969-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10561-005-1969-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation