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Endophytic fungi from Peruvian highland and lowland habitats form distinctive and host plant-specific assemblages

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Abstract

Biodiversity and biogeography of leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi have not been resolved yet. This is because host specificity, life cycles and species concepts, in this heterogeneous ecological guild of plant-associated microfungi, are far from being understood. Even though it is known that culture-based collection techniques are often biased, this has been the method of choice for studying fungal endophytes. Isolation of fungal endophytes only through culture-based methods could potentially mask slow growing species as well as species with low prevalence, preventing the capture of the communities’ real diversity and composition. This bias can be partially resolved by the use of cultivation-independent approaches such as direct sequencing of plant tissue by next generation techniques. Irrespective of the chosen sampling method, an efficient analysis of community ecology is urgently needed in order to evaluate the driving forces acting on fungal endophytic communities. In the present study, endophytic ascomyceteous fungi from three different plant genera (Vasconcellea microcarpa, Tillandsia spp., and Hevea brasiliensis) distributed in Peru, were isolated through culture-based sampling techniques and sequenced for their ITS rDNA region. These data sets were used to assess host preferences and biogeographic patterns of endophytic assemblages. This study showed that the effect of the host’s genetic background (identity) has a significant effect on the composition of the fungal endophytic community. In other words, the composition of the fungal endophytic community was significantly related to their host’s taxonomic identity. However, this was not true for all endophytic groups, since we found some endophytic groups (e.g. Xylariales and Pleosporales) occurring in more than one host genus. Findings from this study promote the formulation of hypotheses related to the effect of altitudinal changes on the endophytic communities along the Eastern Andean slopes. These hypotheses and perspectives for fungal biodiversity research and conservation in Peru are addressed and discussed.

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Acknowledgments

MU thanks the SIKA Group (Switzerland) for providing travel grants. Funding to PC and RG was provided through US National Science Foundation grants (DEB-0925672 and DEB-1019972), Amazon Conservation Association and Latin American Studies Center (UMD) graduate student grants. MU is deeply indebted to the City of Chachapoyas and the team of DHZT for coordination and funding of the visit and for their assistance with the collection and export permits. The mayors and authorities of the Andean villages of Granada (Toni Rolando Huamán Sopla), Olleros (Victor Raúl Culqui Puerta), Quinjalca (Braulio Baldemar Goñas Culqui), Asunción Goncha (Hebert Mas Camus) and Magdalena (José Luis Tenorio Tauma) are greatly thanked for coordination and support of the visit and for sampling permissions. Further help with logistics was provided by the non-profit organizations OFRA (Madrid, Spain) and GÖS (Munich, Germany). Ivan Ezhov (Kazan Zoo, Russia) is thanked for great help on-site. PC and RG thank all the people that helped with collecting in Peru (Daniella Biffi, Demetra Skaltsas, Dr. Enrique Arevalo, Janette Barrios, and Maribel Espinoza), Mexico (Dr. Maribel Domingues–Domingues) and Cameroon (Aurelie Mandengue). All lab technicians from the Chaverri and Unterseher labs are heartily thanked.

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  1. Diógenes Humberto Zavaleta Tenorio

    Present address: , Municipalidad Provincial, Jr. Ortiz Arrieta 588, Chachapoyas, Peru

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487, Greifswald, Germany

    Martin Unterseher

  2. Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA

    Romina Gazis

  3. Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2112 Plant Science Bldg, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Priscila Chaverri

  4. Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria de Amazonas–INIA, Estación Experimental Chachapoyas, Chachapoyas, Peru

    Carlos Fernando García Guarniz & Diógenes Humberto Zavaleta Tenorio

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Correspondence to Martin Unterseher.

Electronic supplementary material

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Supplementary material 1

This file contains all statistical procedures including additional comments and explanations not mentioned in the main document. The analysis can be rerun by using the indata files from Supplementary file 3 and by adjusting all "path/to/file" in this R-source file to the needs of own computer structure (R 18 kb)

Supplementary material 2

This file contains basic output from R-analyses (e.g. subsampling of Hevea sequences, OTU clustering) and BLAST searches, as well as site characteristic. In this file the species-sample matrix was generated which was used for analysis of community ecology (XLS 3302 kb)

Supplementary material 3

This folder contains original ITS sequences in site-specific .fasta files and further input files (.csv) for community analysis with R (ZIP 215 kb)

Supplementary material 4

This ITS tree is similar to Fig. 3 except that it lacks information of OTU abundance. Instead it provides sequence annotation for all OTUs (PDF 75 kb)

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Unterseher, M., Gazis, R., Chaverri, P. et al. Endophytic fungi from Peruvian highland and lowland habitats form distinctive and host plant-specific assemblages. Biodivers Conserv 22, 999–1016 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0464-x

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