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Moving away from technocratic framing: agroecology and food sovereignty as possible alternatives to alleviate rural malnutrition in Bangladesh

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Abstract

Bangladesh continues to experience stubbornly high levels of rural malnutrition amid steady economic growth and poverty reduction. The policy response to tackling malnutrition shows an overwhelmingly technocratic bias, which depoliticizes the broader question of how the agro-food regime is structured. Taking an agrarian and human rights-based approach, this paper argues that rural malnutrition must be analyzed as symptomatic of a deepening agrarian crisis in which the obsession with productivity increases and commercialization overrides people’s democratic right to culturally appropriate, good, nutritious food. Using qualitative insights from a case study of three villages, this research illustrates how agricultural modernization and commercialization reproduce rural malnutrition by degrading local biodiversity and the rural poor’s access to nutrient-rich diets. In so doing, it undermines the official discourse’s simplistic and literal reading of malnutrition as a pathological health condition resulting from the mere absence of certain micronutrients in the human body, and thus questions the adequacy of the proposed solutions. Instead, this research suggests that solving malnutrition in large part involves facilitating the rural poor’s access to nutritious diets through democratizing and reorganizing the agriculture sector in a manner that is eco-friendly and unconstrained by market imperatives. It cautiously advances agroecology and food sovereignty as possible alternatives, while recognizing that overcoming the challenges agrarian class conflict, gender disparity and urban–rural divide pose would not be easy.

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Notes

  1. Among others, I interviewed prominent leaders of the Bangladesh Khet Majur Samity (Bangladesh Farm Laborers’ Association), Bangladesh Krishok Samity (Bangladesh Peasants’ Association), Bangladesh Mahila Samity (Bangladesh Women’s Association), Gana Forum (People’s Forum) and Naya Krishi Andolon (New Agricultural Movement). Besides, I interviewed NGO and local government officials, and key policymakers at the national level.

  2. In order to protect the privacy and anonymity of the participants, I refrain from using the actual village names and only use the larger administrative unit names.

  3. During my stay in this village, I regularly bought the indigenous koi fish (Climbing perch/Anabas testudineus) for taka 50 per kg (taka to USD conversion rate in 2012 was 70:1) from the local market as opposed to the retail price of taka 250 for the same amount of koi fish in the capital city, Dhaka.

  4. A joint secretary at the Ministry of Environment and Forests (on condition of anonymity) noted to this researcher that there was very little coordination between government ministries in policymaking. In fact, he suggested that contradictions in policies are indicative of the turf wars between policy positions and vested interests pursued by different ministries and their officials.

  5. Among others, the Asian Development Bank, International Financial Corporation (a World Bank-affiliated organization) and United States Agency for International Development have extended loans and technical support to the GoB and several leading NGOs to develop agribusiness projects in Bangladesh. Between 2006 and 2012, the Asian Development Bank (2014) extended a loan of USD 55.6 million to implement the Agribusiness Development Project in Bangladesh. The United Kingdom Department for International Development, Swiss Development Corporation, and Danish International Development Agency currently fund the Agri-business for Trade Competitiveness Project, branded as Katalyst, in Bangladesh.

  6. For example, the BRAC, the largest NGO in Bangladesh and the world over, is the largest producer of hybrid maize seeds and the second largest producer of potato seeds. In addition, it has the largest market share for both hybrid and high yielding rice seeds. It also has tea estates spread over 14229 acres of land with a profit margin of USD 8.4 million (https://brac.net/brac-enterprises Accessed 30 April 2017). On the other hand, the Grameen Bank has entered into a partnership with the French multinational giant Danone to set up a yogurt factory in Bangladesh under its so-called social business model (Yunus et al. 2010).

  7. One might ask why smallholders must grow rice if they cannot make a profit. The answer is very simple. In a country where intermediaries firmly control the rice market and are able to artificially raise the retail price (Misra 2012), growing rice for self-consumption is often the only option available to avoid hunger even if it cannot guarantee better economic outcomes.

  8. Aloo bharta is a popular dish in Bangladesh: the potato is boiled and then mashed with green chili, salt, and mustard oil.

  9. Chicken, duck, pigeon, and other edible birds; and buffalo, cow, and goat meat are most common in Bangladesh.

  10. Aus rice varieties are grown during the pre-kharif (autumn) season. Generally, these are traditional varieties and the yield rate is considerably lower compared to high yielding Boro varieties.

  11. The name of the NGO referenced here is withheld at the request of its field level operatives.

  12. An example of this alliance would be the successful resistance against the Phulbari open pit coal mine in 2006 when disenfranchised locals, with the organizational help of the National Committee to Protect Oil Gas Mineral Resources Power and Port, took on the might of British energy conglomerate, Asia Energy Corporation (see Faruque 2017). Another example is the vertical alliance between locals, radical movements, civil society groups and international environmental organizations against the coal-fired power plants in Rampal, Bangladesh (see Mookerjea and Misra 2017).

Abbreviations

FAO:

Food and agriculture organization

FPMU:

Food planning and monitoring unit

GDP:

Gross domestic product

GoB:

Government of Bangladesh

GR:

Green revolution

MDG:

Millennium development goal

NGO:

Non-governmental organization

P2015DA:

Post 2015 development agenda

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund. My deepest gratitude goes to Juel, Kamrul, Mehedi, and Milon for helping me gain access to the research sites. I sincerely thank Daniel, Julia, Saee, Theresa, and the participants of 2015 ADI Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of Asia conference at the University of Copenhagen for their insightful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. I also gratefully acknowledge the two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable suggestions and feedback.

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  1. Department of U-Peace, Graduate School of International and Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 107 Imun Ro, Dongdaemun gu, Seoul, 02450, Republic of Korea

    Manoj Misra

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Misra, M. Moving away from technocratic framing: agroecology and food sovereignty as possible alternatives to alleviate rural malnutrition in Bangladesh. Agric Hum Values 35, 473–487 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-017-9843-3

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