Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Older adults in the division of domestic labor in communities on the outskirts of Beirut

  • Original Investigation
  • Published:
European Journal of Ageing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The gendered division of domestic labor has been widely studied over the last three decades. However, older adults’ contribution to housework, especially in patriarchal communities in the Middle East, has been largely overlooked. This article examined the participation of older members of the household in domestic labor in three communities in the outskirts of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. Drawing on a sample of 2,797 households, the results revealed that three salient factors seemed to have the major impact on older adults’ participation in domestic labor; these were the presence of adult women (18–59 years old) in the household, the marital status and age of older adults. Older men’s participation in domestic labor was much lower than that of older women, suggesting that a gender divide exists among older adults in the patriarchal setting of the study. Housework remains feminized in the later stage of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baltes MM, Wahl HW, Schmid-Furstoss U (1990) The daily life of the elderly at home: activity patterns, personal control, and functional health. J Gerontol 45:173–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Beales S (2000) Why we should invest in older women and men: the experience of Help Age International. Gend Dev 8(2):9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi SM, Melissa MA, Sayer LC, Robinson JP (2000) Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Soc Forces 79:91–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker TH (1985) Responsibility for household tasks: a look at golden anniversary couples aged 75 years and older. In: Peterson WA, Quadagno J (eds) Social bonds in later life. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, pp 27–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker TH, Hennon CB (1982) Responsibility for household tasks: comparing dual-earner and dual-retired marriages. In: Szinovacz M (ed) Women’s retirement. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, pp 205–219

    Google Scholar 

  • CAS (1998) Central Administration of Statistics (February). Etudes statistiques: Conditions de vie des ménages en 1997 (Etudes Statistiques No. 9). Beirut: Publications de L’Administration Centrale de la Statistique

  • Cast AD, Bird SR (2005) Participation in household and paid labor: effects on perceptions of role-taking ability. Soc Psychol Q 68:143–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coltrane S (2000) Research on household labor: modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. J Marriage Fam 62:1208–1233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01208.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Couch KA, Daly MC, Wolf DA (1999) Time? Money? Both? The allocation of resources to older parents. Demography 36:219–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demo DH , Acock AC (1993) Family diversity and the division of domestic labor: how much have things really changed. Fam Relat 42:323–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman L (1992) Couples in retirement: Division of household labor. In: Szinovacz M, Ekerdt D, Vinick B (eds) Families and retirement. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, pp 159–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman L (2003) Retirement and family relationships: an opportunity in later life. Generations xxvi:74–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman L, Heckert D (1988) Egalitarianism in retired rural couples: household tasks, decision making, and leisure activities. Fam Relat 37:73–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson RJ (2005) Why emotion work matters: sex, gender, and the division of household labor. J Marriage Fam 67:337–351 DOI:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00120.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Essex EL, Hong J (2005) Older care giving parents: division of household labor, marital satisfaction, and caregiver burden. Fam Relat 54:448–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evertsson M, Nermo N (2004) Dependence within families and the division of labor: comparing Sweden and the United States. J Marriage Fam 66:1272–1286 DOI:10.1111/j.0022–2445.2004.00092.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Finley NJ (1989) Theories of family labor as applied to gender differences in caregiving for elderly parents. J Marriage Fam 51:79–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson D (1996) Broken down by age and gender: “the problem of Old Women” redefined. Gend Soc 10(4):433–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein TN (1996) Husband’s participation in domestic labor: interactive effects of wives’ and husbands’ gender ideologies. J Marriage Fam 58:585–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein TN (2000) Economic dependence, gender, and the division of labor at home: a replication and extension. J Marriage Fam 62:322–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghysels (2000) Influence of family type on work in Denmark, Belgium and Spain. In: Harvey CDH (ed) Walking a tightrope: meeting the challenges of work and family. Ashgate, Aldershots, pp 43–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Habib RR, Nuwayhid I, Merhi M, Myntti C (2005) Gendered division of household responsibilities in the urban outskirts of Beirut. In: Proceedings of the IV International Congress on Women Work & Health, New Delhi, 27–30 November, p 74

  • Habib RR, Nuwayhid I, Yeretzian JS (2006) Paid work and domestic labor in disadvantaged communities on the outskirts of Beirut, Lebanon. Sex Roles (in press)

  • Hill EA, Dorfman LT (1982) Reaction of housewives to the retirement of their husbands. Fam Relat 31:195–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Labor Organization (1983) Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment and underemployment. Bull Labor Stat 3:IX–XV

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph S (1993) Connectivity and patriarchy among urban working-class Arab families in lebanon. Ethos 21:452–484 DOI: AN 7620339

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph S (1996) Patriarchy and development in the Arab world. Gend Dev 4:14–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph S, Stork J (1993) Gender and civil society: an interview with Suad Joseph. Middle East Rep 183:22–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith P, Wacker R (1990) Sex roles in the older family. In: Brubaker T (ed) Family relationships in later life. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, pp 115–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswald F (1998) Housing among the elderly: conceptual remarks and empirical data on “place attachment”. In: Wahl HW, Lehr U (eds) Elderly adults and their environments (N 4). DZFA, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson J, Spitze G (1992) Whistle while you work? The effect of household task performance on women’s and men’s well-being. Soc Sci Q 73:844–861

    Google Scholar 

  • Schafer RB, Keith PM (1981) Equity in marital roles across the family life cycle. J Marriage Fam 43:359–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton BA, John D (1996) The division of household labor. Annu Rev Sociol 22:299–322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.299

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibai MA, Sen K, Baydoun M, Saxena P (2004) Population and ageing in Lebanon: current status, future prospects and implications for policy. Bull World Health Organ 82(3):219–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Soldo BJ, Wolf DA (1994) Married women’s allocation of time to employment and care of elderly parents. J Hum Resour 29:1259–1276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SPSS (2003) Statistical package for social science. Version 11.0

  • Stone RI, Kemper P (1990) Spouses and children of disabled older adults: how large a constituency for long-term care reform? Milbank Q 67:485–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szinovacz M (1989) Retirement, couples, and household work. In: Bahr SJ, Peterson ET (eds) Aging and the family. Lexington Books, Lexington, pp 33–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Szinovacz M (1992) Is housework good for retirees? Fam Relat 41:230–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szinovacz ME (2000) Changes in housework after retirement: a panel analysis. J Marriage Fam 62:78–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson L, Walker AJ (1989) Gender and families in marriage, work, and parenthood. J Marriage Fam 52:845–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Twiggs JE, Mcquillan J, Ferree MM (1999) Meaning and measurement: reconceptualizing measures of the division of household labor. J Marriage Fam 61:712–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinick B, Ekerdt D (1992) Couples view retirement activities: expectations versus experience. In: Szinovacz M, Ekerdt D, Vinick B (eds) Family and retirement, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, pp 129–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker A, Pratt C, Eddy L (1995) Informal caregiving to aging family members: a critical review. Fam Relat 44:402–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward RA (1993) Marital happiness and household equity in later life. J Marriage Fam 55:427–438 DOI: 6409210626

    Google Scholar 

  • Zube M (1982) Changing behavior and outlook of aging men and women: implications for marriage in the middle and later years. Fam Relat 31:147–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This project was supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust, Mellon and Ford Foundations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rima R. Habib.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Habib, R.R., Zohry, A., Nuwayhid, I. et al. Older adults in the division of domestic labor in communities on the outskirts of Beirut. Eur J Ageing 3, 137–145 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-006-0031-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-006-0031-3

Keywords

Navigation