Abstract
The gendered division of domestic labor has been widely studied over the last three decades. However, older adults’ contribution to housework, especially in patriarchal communities in the Middle East, has been largely overlooked. This article examined the participation of older members of the household in domestic labor in three communities in the outskirts of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. Drawing on a sample of 2,797 households, the results revealed that three salient factors seemed to have the major impact on older adults’ participation in domestic labor; these were the presence of adult women (18–59 years old) in the household, the marital status and age of older adults. Older men’s participation in domestic labor was much lower than that of older women, suggesting that a gender divide exists among older adults in the patriarchal setting of the study. Housework remains feminized in the later stage of life.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baltes MM, Wahl HW, Schmid-Furstoss U (1990) The daily life of the elderly at home: activity patterns, personal control, and functional health. J Gerontol 45:173–179
Beales S (2000) Why we should invest in older women and men: the experience of Help Age International. Gend Dev 8(2):9–18
Bianchi SM, Melissa MA, Sayer LC, Robinson JP (2000) Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Soc Forces 79:91–228
Brubaker TH (1985) Responsibility for household tasks: a look at golden anniversary couples aged 75 years and older. In: Peterson WA, Quadagno J (eds) Social bonds in later life. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, pp 27–36
Brubaker TH, Hennon CB (1982) Responsibility for household tasks: comparing dual-earner and dual-retired marriages. In: Szinovacz M (ed) Women’s retirement. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, pp 205–219
CAS (1998) Central Administration of Statistics (February). Etudes statistiques: Conditions de vie des ménages en 1997 (Etudes Statistiques No. 9). Beirut: Publications de L’Administration Centrale de la Statistique
Cast AD, Bird SR (2005) Participation in household and paid labor: effects on perceptions of role-taking ability. Soc Psychol Q 68:143–159
Coltrane S (2000) Research on household labor: modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. J Marriage Fam 62:1208–1233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01208.x
Couch KA, Daly MC, Wolf DA (1999) Time? Money? Both? The allocation of resources to older parents. Demography 36:219–232
Demo DH , Acock AC (1993) Family diversity and the division of domestic labor: how much have things really changed. Fam Relat 42:323–331
Dorfman L (1992) Couples in retirement: Division of household labor. In: Szinovacz M, Ekerdt D, Vinick B (eds) Families and retirement. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, pp 159–173
Dorfman L (2003) Retirement and family relationships: an opportunity in later life. Generations xxvi:74–79
Dorfman L, Heckert D (1988) Egalitarianism in retired rural couples: household tasks, decision making, and leisure activities. Fam Relat 37:73–78
Erickson RJ (2005) Why emotion work matters: sex, gender, and the division of household labor. J Marriage Fam 67:337–351 DOI:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00120.x
Essex EL, Hong J (2005) Older care giving parents: division of household labor, marital satisfaction, and caregiver burden. Fam Relat 54:448–460
Evertsson M, Nermo N (2004) Dependence within families and the division of labor: comparing Sweden and the United States. J Marriage Fam 66:1272–1286 DOI:10.1111/j.0022–2445.2004.00092.x
Finley NJ (1989) Theories of family labor as applied to gender differences in caregiving for elderly parents. J Marriage Fam 51:79–86
Gibson D (1996) Broken down by age and gender: “the problem of Old Women” redefined. Gend Soc 10(4):433–448
Greenstein TN (1996) Husband’s participation in domestic labor: interactive effects of wives’ and husbands’ gender ideologies. J Marriage Fam 58:585–595
Greenstein TN (2000) Economic dependence, gender, and the division of labor at home: a replication and extension. J Marriage Fam 62:322–335
Ghysels (2000) Influence of family type on work in Denmark, Belgium and Spain. In: Harvey CDH (ed) Walking a tightrope: meeting the challenges of work and family. Ashgate, Aldershots, pp 43–67
Habib RR, Nuwayhid I, Merhi M, Myntti C (2005) Gendered division of household responsibilities in the urban outskirts of Beirut. In: Proceedings of the IV International Congress on Women Work & Health, New Delhi, 27–30 November, p 74
Habib RR, Nuwayhid I, Yeretzian JS (2006) Paid work and domestic labor in disadvantaged communities on the outskirts of Beirut, Lebanon. Sex Roles (in press)
Hill EA, Dorfman LT (1982) Reaction of housewives to the retirement of their husbands. Fam Relat 31:195–200
International Labor Organization (1983) Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment and underemployment. Bull Labor Stat 3:IX–XV
Joseph S (1993) Connectivity and patriarchy among urban working-class Arab families in lebanon. Ethos 21:452–484 DOI: AN 7620339
Joseph S (1996) Patriarchy and development in the Arab world. Gend Dev 4:14–19
Joseph S, Stork J (1993) Gender and civil society: an interview with Suad Joseph. Middle East Rep 183:22–26
Keith P, Wacker R (1990) Sex roles in the older family. In: Brubaker T (ed) Family relationships in later life. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, pp 115–141
Oswald F (1998) Housing among the elderly: conceptual remarks and empirical data on “place attachment”. In: Wahl HW, Lehr U (eds) Elderly adults and their environments (N 4). DZFA, Heidelberg
Robinson J, Spitze G (1992) Whistle while you work? The effect of household task performance on women’s and men’s well-being. Soc Sci Q 73:844–861
Schafer RB, Keith PM (1981) Equity in marital roles across the family life cycle. J Marriage Fam 43:359–367
Shelton BA, John D (1996) The division of household labor. Annu Rev Sociol 22:299–322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.299
Sibai MA, Sen K, Baydoun M, Saxena P (2004) Population and ageing in Lebanon: current status, future prospects and implications for policy. Bull World Health Organ 82(3):219–225
Soldo BJ, Wolf DA (1994) Married women’s allocation of time to employment and care of elderly parents. J Hum Resour 29:1259–1276
SPSS (2003) Statistical package for social science. Version 11.0
Stone RI, Kemper P (1990) Spouses and children of disabled older adults: how large a constituency for long-term care reform? Milbank Q 67:485–506
Szinovacz M (1989) Retirement, couples, and household work. In: Bahr SJ, Peterson ET (eds) Aging and the family. Lexington Books, Lexington, pp 33–58
Szinovacz M (1992) Is housework good for retirees? Fam Relat 41:230–238
Szinovacz ME (2000) Changes in housework after retirement: a panel analysis. J Marriage Fam 62:78–92
Thompson L, Walker AJ (1989) Gender and families in marriage, work, and parenthood. J Marriage Fam 52:845–871
Twiggs JE, Mcquillan J, Ferree MM (1999) Meaning and measurement: reconceptualizing measures of the division of household labor. J Marriage Fam 61:712–724
Vinick B, Ekerdt D (1992) Couples view retirement activities: expectations versus experience. In: Szinovacz M, Ekerdt D, Vinick B (eds) Family and retirement, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, pp 129–144
Walker A, Pratt C, Eddy L (1995) Informal caregiving to aging family members: a critical review. Fam Relat 44:402–411
Ward RA (1993) Marital happiness and household equity in later life. J Marriage Fam 55:427–438 DOI: 6409210626
Zube M (1982) Changing behavior and outlook of aging men and women: implications for marriage in the middle and later years. Fam Relat 31:147–156
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust, Mellon and Ford Foundations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Habib, R.R., Zohry, A., Nuwayhid, I. et al. Older adults in the division of domestic labor in communities on the outskirts of Beirut. Eur J Ageing 3, 137–145 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-006-0031-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-006-0031-3