Abstract
Contamination caused by pesticides in agriculture is a source of environmental poor water quality in some of the European Union countries. Without treatment or targeted mitigation, this pollution is diffused in the environment. Pesticides and some metabolites are of increasing concern because of their potential impacts on the environment, wildlife and human health. Within the context of the European Union (EU) water framework directive context to promote low pesticide-input farming and best management practices, the EU LIFE project ArtWET assessed the efficiency of ecological bioengineering methods using different artificial wetland (AW) prototypes throughout Europe. We optimized physical and biological processes to mitigate agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems. Mitigation solutions were implemented at full-scale demonstration and experimental sites. We tested various bioremediation methods at seven experimental sites. These sites involved (1) experimental prototypes, such as vegetated ditches, a forest microcosm and 12 wetland mesocosms, and (2) demonstration prototypes: vegetated ditches, three detention ponds enhanced with technology of constructed wetlands, an outdoor bioreactor and a biomassbed. This set up provides a variety of hydrologic conditions, with some systems permanently flooded and others temporarily flooded. It also allowed to study the processes both in field and controlled conditions. In order to compare the efficiency of the wetlands, mass balances at the inlet and outlet of the artificial wetland will be used, taking into account the partition of the studied compound in water, sediments, plants, and suspended solids. The literature background necessary to harmonize the interdisciplinary work is reviewed here and the theoretical framework regarding pesticide removal mechanisms in artificial wetland is discussed. The development and the implementation of innovative approaches concerning various water quality sampling strategies for pesticide load estimates during flood, specific biological endpoints, innovative bioprocess applied to herbicide and copper mitigation to enhance the pesticide retention time within the artificial wetland, fate and transport using a 2D mixed hybrid finite element model are introduced. These future results will be useful to optimize hydraulic functioning, e.g., pesticide resident time, and biogeochemical conditions, e.g., dissipation, inside the artificial wetlands. Hydraulic retention times are generally too low to allow an optimized adsorption on sediment and organic materials accumulated in artificial wetlands. Absorption by plants is not either effective. The control of the hydraulic design and the use of adsorbing materials can be useful to increase the pesticides residence time and the contact between pesticides and biocatalyzers. Pesticide fluxes can be reduced by 50–80% when hydraulic pathways in artificial wetlands are optimized by increasing ten times the retention time, by recirculation of water, and by deceleration of the flow. Thus, using a bioremediation method should lead to an almost complete disappearance of pesticides pollution. To retain and treat the agricultural nonpoint-source po a major stake for a sustainable development.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acreman MC, Harding RJ, Lloyd CR, McNeil DD (2003) Evaporation characteristics of wetlands: experience from a wet grassland and a reedbed using eddy correlation measurements. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 7:11–21
Ait Ali N, Bernal MP, Ater M (2002) Tolerance and bioaccumulation of copper in Phragmites australis and Zea mays. Plant Soil 239:103–111
Alexander M, Scow M (1989) Kinetics of biodegradation in soil. In: Sawhney BL, Brown K (eds) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil Science Society of America Special Symposium Publication 22, SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 243–269
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements—FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 290 pp
Amon JP, Agrawal A, Shelley ML, Opperman BC, Enright MP, Clemmer ND, Slusser T, Lach J, Sobolewski T, Gruner W, Entingh AC (2007) Development of a wetland constructed for the treatment of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated ethenes. Ecol Eng 30:51–66
Anbumozhi V, Radhakrishnan J, Yamaji E (2005) Impact of riparian buffer zones on water quality and associated management considerations. Ecol Eng 24:517–523
Aubertot JN, Barbier JM, Carpentier A, Gril JJ, Guichard L, Lucas P, Savary S, Savini I, Voltz M (eds) (2005) Pesticides, agriculture et environnement. Réduire l’utilisation des pesticides et en limiter les impacts environnementaux. Rapport d’expertise scientifique collective, INRA et Cemagref (France), 64 pp
Avsar Y, Tarabeah H, Kimchie S, Ozturk I (2007) Rehabilitation by constructed wetlands of available wastewater treatment plant in Sakhnin. Ecol Eng 29:27–32
Baker LA (1993) Introduction to nonpoint-source pollution and wetland mitigation. In: Olson RK, Marshall K (eds) Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint-source pollution. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 12–45
Basagaoglu H, Ginn TR, McCoy BJ (2002) Formulation of a soil-pesticide transport model based on a compartmental approach. J Contam Hydrol 56:1–24
Batalla RJ (1997) Evaluating bed-material transport equations using field measurements in a sandy gravel-bed stream, Arbu′Cies River, NE Spain. Earth Surf Process Landf 22:121–130
Bending GD, Friloux M, Walker A (2002) Degradation of contrasting pesticides by white rot fungi and its relationship with ligninolytic potential. FEMS Microbiol Lett 212:59–63
Bennett ER, Moore MT, Cooper CM, Smith S Jr, Shields FD Jr, Drouillard KG, Schulz R (2005) Vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for the mitigation of pyrethroid associated runoff. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:2121–2127
Bergamaschi L, Putti M (1999) Mixed finite elements and Newton-type linearizations for the solutions for the solution of Richards’ equation. Int J Numer Methods Eng 45:1025–1046
Bishop CA, Struger J, Shirose LJ, Dunn L, Campbell GD (2000) Contamination and wildlife communities in stormwater detention ponds in Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, 1997 and 1998. Part II: contamination and biological effects of contamination. Water Qual Res J Can 35(3):437–474
Blankenberg A-GB, Braskerud B, Haarstad K (2006) Pesticide retention in two small constructed wetlands: treating non-point source pollution from agriculture runoff. Int J Environ Anal Chem 86:225–231
Blankenberg A-GB, Haarstad K, Braskerud BC (2007) Pesticide retention in an experimental wetland treating non-point source pollution from agriculture runoff. Water Sci Technol 55:37–44
Bloomfield JP, Williams RJ, Gooddy DC, Cape JN, Guha P (2006) Impacts of climate change on the fate and behaviour of pesticides in surface and groundwater—a UK perspective. Sci Total Environ 369:163–177
Bojcevska H, Tonderski K (2007) Impact of loads, season, and plant species on the performance of a tropical constructed wetland polishing effluent from sugar factory stabilization ponds. Ecol Eng 29:66–76
Bouchard R, Higgins M, Rock C (1995) Using constructed wetland-pond systems to treat agricultural runoff: a watershed perspective. Lake Reserv Manag 11(1):29–36
Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Moore MT, Smith S Jr, Stephens WW, Cooper CM (2005) Evaluated fate and effects of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in vegetated and unvegetated microcosms. Environ Toxicol 20:487–498
Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Moore MT, Smith S Jr, Cooper CM (2006) Hydroponic uptake of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in Juncus effusus and Ludwigia peploides. Chemosphere 65:1049–1057
Bradley C (2002) Simulation of the annual water table dynamics of a floodplain wetland, Narborough Bog, UK. J Hydrol 261:150–172
Bragato C, Brix H, Malagoli M (2006) Accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel and Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla in a constructed wetland of the Venice lagoon watershed. Environ Pollut 144(3):967–975
Bragg OM (2002) Hydrology of peat-forming wetlands in Scotland. Sci Total Environ 294:111–129
Braskerud BC, Haarstad K (2003) Screening the retention of thirteen pesticides in a small constructed wetland. Water Sci Technol 48:267–274
Brix H (1987) Treatment of wastewater in the rhizosphere of wetland plants—the root-zone method. Water Sci Technol 19:107–118
Brix H (1994) Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution control: historical development, present status, and future perspectives. Water Sci Technol 30:209–223
Broadmeadow S, Nisbet TR (2004) The effects of riparian forest management on the freshwater environment: a literature review of best management practice. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 8:286–305
Burchell MRII, Skaggs RW, Lee CR, Broome S, Chescheir GM, Osborne J (2007) Substrate organic matter to improve nitrate removal in surface-flow constructed wetlands. J Environ Qual 36:194–207
Capri E, Balderacchi M, Yon D, Reeves G (2005) Deposition and dissipation of Chlorpyrifos in surface water following vineyard applications in Northern Italy. Environ Toxicol Chem 24(4):852–860
Carter AD (2000) Herbicide movement in soils: principles, pathways and processes. Weed Res 40:113–122
Chavent G, Roberts JE (1991) A unified physical presentation of mixed, mixed-hybrid finite elements and standard finite difference approximations for the determination of velocities in waterflow problems. Adv Water Resour 14:329–348
Cooper CM, Knight SS (1990) Nutrient trapping efficiency of a small detention reservoir. Agric Water Manag 18:149–158
Cooper CM, Testa S, Knight SS, Bowen JJ (1995) Assessment of a constructed bulrush wetland for treatment of cattle waste: 1991–1994. Final Report. Agric Res Serv, Oxford, MS, pp 1–22
Crane M, Delaney P, Watson S, Parker P, Walker C (1995) The effect of malathion 60 on Gammarus pulex (L.) below watercress beds. Environ Toxicol Chem 14:1181–1188
Cronk JK, Mitsch WJ (1994a) Aquatic metabolism in four newly constructed freshwater wetlands with different hydrologic inputs. Ecol Eng 3:449–468
Cronk JK, Mitsch WJ (1994b) Periphyton productivity on artificial and natural surfaces in constructed freshwater wetlands under different hydrologic regimes. Aquat Bot 48:325–341
Dabrowski JM, Bollen A, Bennett ER, Schulz R (2005) Mitigation of azinphos-methyl in a vegetated stream: comparison of runoff and spray-drift. Chemosphere 62:204–212
Dahl M, Nilsson B, Langhoff JH, Refsgaard JC (2007) Review of classification systems and new multi-scale typology of groundwater-surface water interaction. J Hydrol 344:1–16
Dall’O M, Kluge W, Bartels F (2001) FEUWAnet: a multi-box water level and lateral exchange model for riparian wetlands. J Hydrol 250:40–62
Dargahi B (2004) Three-dimensional flow modelling and sediment transport in the river Klarälven. Earth Surf Process Landf 29:821–852
Deng H, Ye ZH, Wong MH (2004) Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China. Environ Pollut 132:29–40
Dierberg FE, DeBusk TA, Jackson SD, Chimney MJ, Pietro K (2002) Submerged aquatic vegetation-based treatment wetlands for removing phosphorus from agricultural runoff: response to hydraulic and nutrient loading. Water Res 36:1409–1422
Dietz AC, Schnoor JL (2001) Advances in phytoremediation. Environ Health Perspect 109:163–168
Dubus IG, Hollis JM, Brown CD (2000) Pesticides in rainfall in Europe. Environ Pollut 110:331–344
Dubus IG, Beulke S, Brown CD (2002) Review calibration of pesticide leaching models: critical review and guidance for reporting. Pest Manag Sci 58:745–758
Duelli P, Studer M, Marchand I, Jakob S (1990) Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas. Biol Conserv 54:193–207
Ellis JB, Revitt DM, Shutes RBE, Langley JM (1994) The performance of vegetated biofilters for highway runoff control. Sci Total Environ 146–147:543–550
Fait G, Nicelli M, Fragoulis G, Trevisan M, Capri E (2007) Reduction of point contamination sources of pesticide from a vineyard farm. Environ Sci Technol. 41:3302–3308
Fennessy MS, Cronk JK, Mitsch WJ (1994) Macrophyte productivity and community development in created freshwater wetlands under experimental hydrological conditions. Ecol Eng 3:469–484
Fermor P (1997) Establishment of reed bed within a created surface water fen wetland nature reserve, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham
Ferrari F, Karpouzas DG, Trevisan M, Capri E (2005) Measuring and predicting environmental concentrations of pesticides in air after application to paddy water systems. Environ Sci Technol 39(9):2968–2975
Fiener P, Auerswald K, Weigand S (2005) Managing erosion and water quality in agricultural watersheds by small detention ponds. Agric Ecosyst Environ 110:132–142
Forum for the co-ordination of pesticide fate models and their use (FOCUS) (2000) FOCUS Groundwater scenarios in the EU review of active substances. Report of the FOCUS Groundwater Scenarios Workgroup, EC Document Reference SANCO/321/2000 rev.2, 2000, 202 pp
Fogg P, Boxall ABA, Walker A, Jukes A (2004) Degradation and leaching potential of pesticides in biobed systems. Pest Manag Sci 60:645–654
Ganzelmeier H, Rautmann D, Spangenberg R, Streloke M, Herrmann M, Wenlburger HJ (1995) Studies on the spray drift of plant protection products, Blackwell Wissenschafts, GmbH Berlin, Germany
Gardner C (1991) Water regime of river meadows: Yarnton Mead case study. Report to MAFF, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
Garratt JA, Capri E, Trevisan M, Errera G, Wilkins RM (2003) Parameterisation, evaluation and comparison of pesticide leaching models to data from a Bologna field site, Italy. Pest Manag Sci 59:3–20
Ghadiri H, Rose CW (1991) Sorbed chemical transport in overland flow: I A nutrient and pesticide enrichment mechanism. J Environ Qual 20:628–633
Gril JJ (2003) L’intérêt des zones boisées dans la lutte contre la contamination des eaux par les produits phytosanitaires. Direction de l’Eau du Minitère de l’Ecologie et du Développement Durable, Cemagref, 2003, 25 pp
Guo L, Jury WA, Wagenet RJ, Flury M (2000) Dependence of pesticide degradation on sorption: nonequilibrium model and application to soil reactors. J Contam Hydrol 43(1):45–62
Haarstad K, Braskerud BC (2005) Pesticide retention in the watershed and in a small constructed wetland treating diffuse pollution. Water Sci Technol 51:143–150
Haberl R, Grego S, Langergraber G, Kadlec R, Cicalini AR, Dias S, Novais J, Aubert S, Gerth A, Thomas H, Hebner A (2003) Constructed wetlands for the treatment of organic pollutants. J Soils Sediments 3(2):109–124
Hammer DA (1992) Designing constructed wetlands systems to treat agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Ecol Eng 1:49–82
Hares RJ, Ward NI (1999) Comparison of the heavy metal content of motorway stormwater following discharge into wet biofiltration and dry detention ponds along the London Orbital (M25) motorway. Sci Total Environ 235:169–178
Hares RJ, Ward NI (2004) Sediment accumulation in newly constructed vegetative treatment facilities along a new major road. Sci Total Environ 334–335:473–479
Hayashi M, Rosenberry DO (2001) Effects of groundwater exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface waters. J Groundw Hydrol 43:327–341
Headley JV, Gandrass J, Kuballa J, Peru KM, Gong Y (1998) Rates of sorption and partitioning of contaminants in river biofilm. Environ Sci Technol 32:3968–3973
Heinselman ML (1973) Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quat Res 3:329–382
Helweg C, Mogensen B B, Sørensen P B, Madsen T, Bossi R, Rasmussen D, Petersen S (2003) Fate of pesticides in surface waters, laboraty and field experiments. Pesticides Research 2003; 68. DEPA Danish Ministry of the Environment, 135 pp
Hewlett JD, Hibbert AR (1967) Factors affecting the response of small watershed to precipitation in humid areas. In: Soppers WE, Lull HW (eds) Forest hydrology. Pergamon, Oxford (UK), pp 275–290
Higgins MJ, Rock CA, Bouchard R, Wengrezynek B (1993) Controlling agricultural runoff by use of constructed wetlands. In: Moshiri GA (ed) Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 359–367
Hill AR (2000) Stream chemistry and riparian zones. In: Jones JB, Mullholland PJ (eds) Streams and ground waters. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 83–110
Holland JF, Martin JF, Granata T, Bouchard V, Quigley M, Brown L (2004) Effects of wetland depth and flow rate on residence time distribution characteristics. Ecol Eng 23:189–203
Holvoet K (200) Monitoring and modelling the dynamic fate and behaviour of pesticides in river systems at catchment scale. PhD thesis, Ghent University, Belgium, 242 pp
Hong Y-M, Yeh N, Chen J-Y (2006) The simplified methods of evaluating detention storage volume for small catchment. Ecol Eng 26:355–364
Huang X, Pedersen T, Fisher M, White R, Young TM (2004) Herbicide runoff along Highways. Sorption Control Environ Sci Technol 38:3272–3278
Hunt RJ, Krabbenhoft DP, Anderson MP (1996) Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland systems. Water Resour Res 32:495–508
Ippisch O, Vogel HJ, Bastian P (2006) Validity limits for the van Genuchten–Mualem model and implications for parameter estimation and numerical simulation. Adv Water Resour 29:1780–1789
Jarvie H, Neal C, Smart R, Owen R, Fraser D, Forbes I, Wade A (2001) Use of continuous water quality records for hydrograph separation and to assess short-term variability and extremes in acidity and dissolved carbon dioxide for the River Dee, Scotland. Sci Total Environ 265:85–98
Jones RL, Russell MH (eds) (2001) FIFRA Environmental model validation task force. Final report. American Crop Protection Association, Washington, 768 pp
Joris I, Feyen J (2003) Modelling water flow and seasonal soil moisture dynamics in an alluvial groundwater-fed wetland. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 7:57–66
Jouzel C (2006) Les transferts de produits phytosanitaires par les eaux de drainage et de ruissellement. La Jaillière (1993–2004). Mémoire de fin d’etudes. Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture d’Angers
Kadlec RH, Hey DL (1994) Constructed wetlands for river water quality improvement. Water Sci Technol 29:159–168
Kadlec RH, Knight RL (1996) Treatment wetlands. CRC Lewis, Boca Raton, p 624
Kadlec RH, Knight RL, Vymazal J, Brix H, Cooper P, Haberl R (2000) Constructed wetlands for pollution control. IWA Publishing, London, p 156
Kao CM, Wang JY, Chen KF, Lee HY, Wu MJ (2002) Non-point source pesticide removal by a mountainous wetland. Water Sci Technol 46(6–7):199–206
Kayhanian M, Stransky C, Bay S, Lau S-L, Stenstrom MK (2008) Toxicity of urban highway runoff with respect to storm duration. Sci Total Environ 389:386–406
Kjellin J, Worman A, Johansson H, Lindahl A (2007) Controlling factors for water residence time and flow patterns in Ekeby treatment wetland, Sweden. Adv Water Resour 30:838–850
Kladivko EJ, Brown LC, Baker JL (2001) Pesticide transport to subsurface tile drains in humid regions of North America. Crit Rev Env Sci Tech 31:1–62
Kohler EA, Poole VL, Reicher ZJ, Turco RF (2004) Nutrient, metal, and pesticide removal during storm and nonstorm events by a constructed wetland on an urban golf course. Ecol Eng 23:285–298
Koskiaho J (2003) Flow velocity retardation and sediment retention in two constructed wetland-/ponds. Ecol Eng 19:325–337
Kurtz JC, Yates DF, Macauley JM, Quarles RL, Genthner FJ, Chancy CA, Devereux R (2003) Effects of light reduction on growth of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria americana and the community of root-associated heterotrophic bacteria. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 291:199–218
Laabs V, Wehrhan A, Pinto A, Dores E, Amelung W (2007) Pesticide fate in tropical wetlands of Brazil: an aquatic microcosm study under semi-field conditions. Chemosphere 67:975–989
Lee B-H, Scholz M (2007) What is the role of Phragmites australis in experimental constructed wetland filters treating urban runoff? Ecol Eng 29:87–95
Lowrance R, Vellidis G, Wauchope RD, Gay P, Bosch DD (1997) Herbicide transport in a managed riparian forest buffer system. Trans ASAE 40:1047–1057
Luckeydoo LM, Fausey NR, Brown LC, Davis CB (2002) Early development of vascular vegetation of constructed wetlands in northwest Ohio receiving agricultural waters. Agric Ecosyst Environ 88:89–94
Lundberg K, Carling M, Lindmark P (1999) Treatment of highway runoff: a study of three detention ponds. Sci Total Environ 235:363–365
Mallin MA, Ensign SH, Wheeler TL, Mayes DB (2002) Pollutant removal efficacy of three wet detention ponds. J Environ Qual 31:654–660
Maloszewski P, Wachniew P, Czuprynski P (2006) Study of hydraulic parameters in heterogeneous gravel beds: constructed wetland in Nowa Slupia (Poland). J Hydrol 331:630–642
Mansell RS, Bloom SA, Sun G (2000) A model for wetland hydrology: description and validation. Tech Articles Soil Sci 165:384–397
Margoum C, Malessard C, Gouy V (2006) Investigation of various physicochemical and environmental parameter influence on pesticide sorption to ditch bed substratum by means of experimental design. Chemosphere 63:1835–1841
Matagi SV, Swai D, Mugabe R (1998) A review of heavy metal removal mechanisms in wetland. Afr J Trop Hydrobiol Fish 8:23–35
Matamoros V, García J, Bayona JM (2007a) Organic micropollutant removal in a full-scale surface flow constructed wetland fed with secondary effluent. Water Res (in press). Available online 24 August 2007
Matamoros V, Puigagut J, Garcia J, Bayona JM (2007b) Behavior of selected priority organic pollutants in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands: a preliminary screening. Chemosphere 69:1374–1380
Mbuligwe SE (2004) Comparative effectiveness of engineered wetland systems in the treatment of anaerobically pre-treated domestic wastewater. Ecol Eng 23:269–284
McKinlay RG, Kasperek K (1999) Observations on decontamination of herbicide-polluted water by marsh plant systems. Water Res 33:505–511
Miglioranza KSB, de Moreno JEA, Moreno VJ (2004) Organochlorine pesticides sequestered in the aquatic macrophyte Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Meyer) Sojak from a shallow lake in Argentina. Water Res 38:1765–1772
Mitsch WJ (1992) Landscape design and the role of created, restored, and natural riparian wetlands in controlling nonpoint source pollution. Ecol Eng 1:27–47
Mitsch WJ, Gosselink JG (1993) Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 722 pp
Mitsch WJ, Gosselink JG (2000) Wetlands. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 920 pp
Moore MT, Rodgers JH Jr, Cooper CM, Smith S Jr (2000) Constructed wetlands for mitigation of atrazine-associated agricultural runoff. Environ Pollut 110:393–399
Moore MT, Bennett ER, Cooper CM, Smith S Jr, Shields FD Jr, Milam CD, Farris JL (2001a) Transport and fate of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in an agricultural drainage ditch in the Mississippi Delta, USA. Agric Ecosyst Environ 87:309–314
Moore MT, Rodgers JH Jr, Smith S Jr, Cooper CM (2001b) Mitigation of metolachlor-associated agricultural runoff using constructed wetlands in Mississippi, USA. Agric Ecosyst Environ 84:169–176
Moore MT, Schulz R, Cooper CM, Smith S Jr, Rodgers JH Jr (2002) Mitigation of chlorpyrifos runoff using constructed wetlands. Chemosphere 46:827–835
Mosé R, Siegel P, Ackerer P, Chavent G (1994) Application of the mixed hybrid finite element approximation in a groundwater flow model: luxury or necessity? Water Resour Res 30:3001–3012
Nahlik AM, Mitsch WJ (2006) Tropical treatment wetlands dominated by free-floating macrophytes for water quality improvement in Costa Rica. Ecol Eng 28:246–257
Nairn RW, Mitsch WJ (1999) Phosphorus removal in created wetland ponds receiving river overflow. Ecol Eng 14:107–126
Ozdemir Z, Sagiroglu A (2000) Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis as biogeochemical indicators for copper deposits in Elazig, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 18:595–601
Padovani L, Capri E, Trevisan M (2004) Landscape-level approach to assess aquatic exposure via spray drift for pesticides: a case study in a Mediterranean area. Environ Sci Technol 38:3239–3246
Paludan C, Alexeyev F, Drews H, Fleischer S, Fuglsang A, Kindt T, Kowalski P, Moos M, Radlowki A, Strömfors G, Westberg V, Wolter K (2002) Wetland management to reduce Baltic Sea eutrophication. Water Sci Technol 45:87–94
Pan L, Wierenga PJ (1995) A transformed pressure head-based approach to solve Richards’ equation for variably saturated soils. Water Resour Res 31:925–931
Parsons FD, Hayashi M, Van der Kamp G (2004) Infiltration and solute transport under a seasonal wetland: bromide tracer experiments in Saskatoon, Canada. Hydrol Process 18:2011–2027
Petrone RM, Price JS, Waddington JM, von Waldow H (2004) Surface moisture and energy exchange from a restored peatland, Quebec, Canada. J Hydrol 295:198–210
Price J, Rochefort L, Quinty F (1998) Energy and moisture considerations on cutover peatlands: surface microtopography, mulch cover and Sphagnum regeneration. Ecol Eng 10:293–312
Prochaska CA, Zouboulis AI, Eskridge KM (2007) Performance of pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands, as affected by season, substrate, hydraulic load and frequency of application of simulated urban sewage. Ecol Eng 31:57–66
Rao PSC, Jessup RE (1982) Development and verification of simulation models for describing pesticide dynamics in soils. Ecol Modell 16:67–75
Raviart PA, Thomas JM (1977) A mixed finite method for the second order elliptic problems. In: Galligani I, Magenes E (eds) Mathematical aspects of the finite element methods, lecture notes in Math 606. Springer, New York, pp 292–315
Reichenberger S, Bach M, Skitschak A, Frede H-G (2007) Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground- and surface water and their effectiveness: a review. Sci Total Environ 384:1–35
Reilly JF, Horne AJ, Miller CD (1999) Nitrate removal from a drinking water supply with large free-surface constructed wetlands prior to groundwater recharge. Ecol Eng 14:33–47
Register of Ecological Models (REM) (2006) A meta-database for existing mathematical models in ecology. University of Kassel and National Research Center for Environment and Health (GSF). http://www.wiz.uni-kassel.de/ecobas.html. Accessed on 26 April 2007
Revitt DM, Shutes RBE, Jones RH, Forshaw M, Winter B (2004) The performances of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet conditions. Sci Total Environ 334–335:261–270
Richert M, Saarnio S; Juutinen S, Silvola J, Augustin J, Merbach W (2000) Distribution of assimilated carbon in the system Phragmites australis-waterlogged peat soil after carbon-14 pulse labelling. Biol Fertil Soils 32(1):1–7
Rodgers JH Jr, Dunn A (1992) Developing design guidelines for constructed wetlands to remove pesticides from agricultural runoff. Ecol Eng 1:83–95
Rodgers JH Jr, Dickson GW, Dillon T, Dorn PB, Farmer JE, Gearhaeart RA, Hall JF, McFarland B, Nelson MK, Nix P, Richardson CJ, Tierney DP (1999) Workgroup V synopsis: constructed wetlands as a risk mitigation alternative. In: Lewis MA, Mayer FL, Powell RL, Nelson MK, Klaine SI, Henry MG, Dickson GW (eds) Ecotoxicology and risk assessment for wetlands. pp, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Pensacola, pp 315–342
Rose MT, Sanchez-Bayo F, Crossan AN, Kennedy IR (2006) Pesticide removal from cotton farm tailwater by a pilot-scale ponded wetland. Chemosphere 63:1849–1858
Rousseau DPL, Vanrolleghem PA, De Pauw N (2004) Model-based design of horizontal subsurface flow constructed treatment wetlands: a review. Water Res 38:1484–1493
Sawalha MF, Peralta-Videa JR, Romero-González J, Duarte-Gardea M, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2007) Thermodynamic and isotherm studies of the biosorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) by leaves of saltbush (Atriplex canescens). J Chem Thermodyn 39:88–492
Schwanenberg D, (2005) Die Runge-Kutta-Discontinuous-Galerkin-Methode zur Lösung konvekti-onsdominierter tiefengemittelter Flachwasserprobleme. Mitteilungen des Lehrstuhls und Insti-tuts für Wasserbau und Wasserwirtschaft der RWTH Aachen 2005, 178 pp
Schulz R (2001) Rainfall-induced sediment and pesticide input from orchards into the Lourens River, Western Cape, South Africa: importance of a single event. Water Res 35:1869–1876
Schulz R (2004) Field studies on exposure, effects and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint-source insecticide pollution—a review. J Envir Qual 33:419–448
Schulz R (2005) Aquatic in situ bioassays to detect agricultural non-point source pesticide pollution: a link between laboratory and field. In: Ostrander GK (ed) Techniques in aquatic toxicology, vol 2. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp 427–448
Schulz R, Peall SKC (2001) Effectiveness of a constructed wetland for retention of nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in the Lourens River catchment, South Africa. Environ Sci Technol 35:422–426
Schulz R, Hauschild M, Ebeling M, Nanko-Drees J, Wogram J, Liess M (1998) A qualitative field method for monitoring pesticides in the edge-of-field runoff. Chemosphere 36:3071–3082
Schulz R, Peall SKC, Dabrowski JM, Reinecke AJ (2001a) Spray deposition of two insecticides into surface waters in a South African orchard area. J Environ Qual 30:814–822
Schulz R, Peall SKC, Hugo C, Krause V (2001b) Concentration, load and toxicity of spraydrift-borne Azinphos-methyl at the inlet and outlet of a constructed wetland. Ecol Eng 18:239–245
Schulz R, Hahn C, Bennett ER, Dabrowski JM, Thiere G, Peall SKC (2003a) Fate and effects of azinphos-methyl in a flow-through wetland in South Africa. Environ Sci Technol 37:2139–2144
Schulz R, Moore MT, Bennett ER, Farris JL, Smith SJ, Cooper CM (2003b) Methyl parathion toxicity in vegetated and nonvegetated wetland mesocosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:1262–1268
Schulz R, Moore MT, Bennett ER, Milam CD, Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Smith S Jr, Cooper CM (2003c) Acute toxicity of methyl-parathion in wetland mesocosms: assessing the influence of aquatic plants using laboratory testing with Hyalella azteca. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 45:331–336
Scott GI, Fulton MH, Moore DW, Wirth EF, Chandler GT, Key PB, Daugomah JW, Strozier ED, DeVane J, Clark JR, Lewis M, Finley DB, Ellenberg W, Karnaky KJ Jr (1999) Assessment of risk reduction strategies for the management of agricultural nonpoint source pesticide runoff in estuarine ecosystem. Toxicol Ind Health 15:200–213
Seybold CA, Mersie W (1999) Metolachlor fate and mobility in a tidal wetland soil. Wetlands 19(1):228–235
Sherrard RM, Bearr JS, Murray-Gulde CL, Rodgers JH Jr, Shah YT (2004) Feasibility of constructed wetlands for removing chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos from aqueous mixtures. Environ Pollut 127:385–394
Shutes RBE, Revitt DM, Mungur AS, Scholes LNL (1997) The Design of Wetland Systems for the treatment of urban Runoff. Water Sci Technol 35:19–25
Sinicrope T, Langis R, Gersberg RM, Busnardo MJ, Zedler JB (1992) Metal removal by wetland mesocosms subjected to different hydroperiods. Ecol Eng 1:309–322
Siimes K, Kämäri J (2003) A review of available pesticide leaching models: Selection of models for simulation of herbicide fate in Finnish sugar beet cultivation. Boreal Env Res 8:31–51
Sophocleous M (2002) Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science. Hydrogeol J 10:52–67
Soulsby C, Chen M, Ferrier RC, Helliwell RC, Jenkins A, Harriman R (1998) Hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater in an upland Scottish catchment. Hydrol Process 12:1111–1118
Spliid NH, Helweg A, Heinrichson K (2006) Leaching and degradation of 21 pesticides in a full-scale model biobed. Chemosphere 65:2223–2232
Stearman GK, George DB, Carlson K, Lansford S (2003) Pesticide removal from container nursery runoff in constructed wetland cells. J Environ Qual 32:1548–1556
Stottmeister U, Wiener A, Kuschk P, Kappelmeyer U, Kastner M, Bederski O, Muller RA, Moormann H (2003) Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Biotechnol Adv 22:93–117
Tack FMG, De Pauw N, Du Laing G, Rousseau D (2007) Contaminants in natural and constructed wetlands: pollutant dynamics and control. Sci Total Environ 380:1–2
Tanner CC (1996) Plants for constructed wetland treatment systems—a comparison of the growth and nutrient uptake of eight emergent species. Ecol Eng 7:59–83
Tanner CC, Clayton JS, Upsdell MP (1995) Effect of loading rate and planting on treatment of dairy farm wastewaters in constructed wetlands—II. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. Water Res 29:27–34
Tanner CC, D’Eugenio J, McBride GB, Sukias JPS, Thompson K (1999) Effect of water level fluctuation on nitrogen removal from constructed wetland mesocosms. Ecol Eng 12:67–92
Tanner CC, Nguyen ML, Sukias JPS (2005) Nutrient removal by a constructed wetland treating subsurface drainage from grazed dairy pasture. Agric Ecosyst Environ 105:145–162
Torstensson L (2000) Experiences of biobeds in practical use in Sweden. Pestic Outlook 11:206–211
Torstensson L, Castillo MP (1997) Use of biobeds in Sweden to minimise environmental spillage from agricultural spray equipment. Pestic Outlook 8:24–27
Tournebize J (2007) Life project: LIFE 06 ENV/F/000133-ArtWET “TASK B report: inventory” 2007, http://www.artwet.fr. Accessed on October 2007
van den Berg F, Kubiak R, Benjey WG, Majewski MS, Yates SR, Reeves GL, Smelt JH, van der Linden AMA (1999) Emission of pesticides into the air. Water, Air Soil Pollut 115:195–218
Van der Valk AG, Jolly RW (1992) Recommendations for research to develop guidelines for the use of wetlands to control rural nonpoint source pollution. Ecol Eng 1:115–134
Van Eerd LL, Hoagland RE, Zablotowicz RM, Hall JC (2003) Pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms. Weed Sci 51:472–495
Vanclooster M, Boesten JJTI, Trevisan M, Brown CD, Capri E, Eklo OM, Gottesbüren B, Gouy V, van der Linden AMA (2000) A European test of pesticide-leaching models: methodology and major recommendations. Agric Water Manag 44:1–19
Vellidis G, Lowrance R, Gay P, Wauchope RD (2002) Herbicide transport in a restored riparian forest buffer system. Trans ASAE 45:89–97
Vink JPM, Gottesburen B, Diekkruger B, van der Zee SEATM (1997) Simulation and model comparison of unsaturated movement of pesticides from a large clay lysimeter. Ecol Modell 105:113–127
Vischetti C, Capri E, Trevisan M, Casucci C, Perucci P (2004) Biomassbed: a biological system to reduce pesticide point contamination at farm level. Chemosphere 55(6):823–828
Vischetti C, Cardinali A, Monaci E, Nicelli M, Ferrari F, Trevisan M, Capri E (2007) Measures to reduce pesticide spray drift in a small aquatic ecosystem in vineyard estate. Sci Total Environ 389:497–502
Vymazal J (1990) Use of reed-bed systems for the treatment of concentrated wastes from agriculture. In: Cooper PF, Findlater BC (eds) Constructed wetlands in water pollution control. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 347–358
Vymazal J (2005) Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 25:475–477
Warren N, Allan IJ, Carter JE, House WA, Parker A (2003) Pesticides and other micro-organic contaminants in freshwater sedimentary environments—a review. Appl Geochem 8(2):159–194
Wetzel RG (1992) Wetland and shallow continental water bodies, vol 1. In: Patten BC (ed) Natural and human relationships. SPB, The Hague, 1990, 759 pp. Dfl. 275.00/US$ 160.00, ISBN 90-51 03-046-0. Aquat Bot 42: 295–297.
Wetzel RG (1993) Constructed wetlands: scientific foundations are critical. In: Moshiri GA (ed) Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 3–7
Willems HPL, Rotelli MD, Berry DF, Smith EP, Reneau RB, Mostaghimi S (1997) Nitrate removal in riparian wetland soils: effects of flow rate, temperature, nitrate concentration and soil depth. Water Res 31:841–849
Winter TC (1999) Relation of streams, lakes, and wetlands to groundwater flow systems. Hydrogeol J 7:28–45
Wolverton BC, Harrison DD (1975) Aquatic plants for removal of mevinphos from the aquatic environment. J Miss Acad Sci 19:84–88
Wolverton BC, McKown MM (1976) Water hyacinths for removal of phenols from polluted waters. Aquat Bot 2:191–201
Younes A, Mose R, Ackerer P, Chavent G (1999) A new formulation of the mixed finite element method for solving elliptic and parabolic PDE with triangular elements. J Comput Phys 149:148–167
Acknowledgments
The scientific activities of the research network involved in the ArtWET project are financially supported by the contribution of the LIFE financial instrument of the European Community (LIFE 06 ENV/F/000133). We would like also to thank those who helped during this study: Région Alsace et réseau REALISE (France), BASF (France), Conseil général du Haut-Rhin (France), Agence de l’Eau Loire Bretagne (France), Conseil général Indre et Loire (France), Mairie de Rouffach (France).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gregoire, C., Elsaesser, D., Huguenot, D. et al. Mitigation of agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems. Environ Chem Lett 7, 205–231 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0167-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0167-9