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α1-Adrenergic signaling mechanisms in contraction of resistance arteries

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Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology ((REVIEWS,volume 150))

Abstract

Our goal in this review is to provide a comprehensive, integrated view of the numerous signaling pathways that are activated by α1-adrenoceptors and control actin-myosin interactions (i.e., crossbridge cycling and force generation) in mammalian arterial smooth muscle. These signaling pathways may be categorized broadly as leading either to thick (myosin) filament regulation or to thin (actin) filament regulation. Thick filament regulation encompasses both “Ca2+ activation” and “Ca2+-sensitization” as it involves both activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) by Ca2+-calmodulin and regulation of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) activity. With respect to Ca2+ activation, adrenergically induced Ca2+ transients in individual smooth muscle cells of intact arteries are now being shown by high resolution imaging to be sarcoplasmic reticulum-dependent asynchronous propagating Ca2+ waves. These waves differ from the spatially uniform increases in [Ca2+] previously assumed. Similarly, imaging during adrenergic activation has revealed the dynamic translocation, to membranes and other subcellular sites, of protein kinases (e.g., Ca2+-activated protein kinases, PKCs) that are involved in regulation of MLCP and thus in “Ca2+ sensitization” of contraction. Thin filament regulation includes the possible disinhibition of actin-myosin interactions by phosphorylation of CaD, possibly by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that are also translocated during adrenergic activation. An hypothesis for the mechanisms of adrenergic activation of small arteries is advanced. This involves asynchronous Ca2+ waves in individual SMC, synchronous Ca2+ oscillations (at high levels of adrenergic activation), Ca2+ sparks, “Ca2+-sensitization” by PKC and Rho-associated kinase (ROK), and thin filament mechanisms.

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Abbreviations

2-APB:

2-Aminoethoxydiphenylborate

ABS-1:

Actin binding sequence no. 1

BK:

Large conductance potassium channel

CaD:

Caldesmon

CaM:

Calmodulin

CaMKinase II:

Calmodulin kinase II

CaP:

Calponin

CICR:

Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release

CPA:

Cyclopiazonic acid

CPI-17:

Protein kinase C-potentiated 17 kDa inhibitor protein

2,4-DCB:

2,4-Dichlorobenzamil

DAG:

Diacylglycerol

DHP:

Dihydropyridine

DOG:

1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol

ERK:

Extracellular-regulated kinase

FDS:

Frequent discharge sites

FRAP:

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

FRET:

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer

GEF:

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor

GS17C:

Fluorophore peptide antagonist of caldesmon

HA-1077:

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)homopiperazine, Di-HCl Salt

IICR:

InsP3−induced Ca2+ release

ILK:

Integrin-linked kinase

InsP3R:

1,4,5-Trisphosphate receptor

IVC:

Inferior vena cava

jCaTs:

Junctional calcium transients

LC20:

20,000 Da light chain of smooth muscle myosin

M20:

Small noncatalytic subunit of myosin phosphatase

M130:

Large noncatalytic subunit of myosin phosphatase

MAP kinase:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MEK:

MAPK kinase

ML-9:

1-(5-Chloronaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride

MLCK:

Myosin light chain kinase

MLCP:

Myosin light chain phosphatase

MLC20 :

Myosin light chain 20

MP:

Myosin phosphatase

MYPT1:

Targeting subunit of myosin phosphatase

NCX:

Na/Ca exchanger

NE:

Norepinephrine

p160ROCK:

A rho kinase

PAK:

P21-activated kinase

PE:

Phenylephrine

PGF2α:

Prostaglandin factor 2α

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PKC-α:

Protein kinase C-α

PKN:

Rho effector, protein kinase C-related kinase

PL:

Plasmalemma

PLC:

Phospholipase C

PL-jSR:

Plasmalemma-junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum

PMA:

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

PP1c:

Catalytic subunit of myosin phosphatase

PSF:

Point spread function

PMCA:

Plasmalemma Ca2+ pumping ATPase

PM-SR:

Plasma membrane-sarcoplasmic reticulum

ROK:

Rho-associated kinase

RYR:

Ryanodine receptor

SBB:

Superficial buffer barrier

SERCA:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase

Ser/Thr:

Serine/threonine

SMC:

Smooth muscle cell

SMPP-1M:

Smooth muscle phosphatase-1M

SOC:

Store-operated channels

SR:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

STOCs:

Spontaneous transient outward currents

TnI:

Inhibitory subunit troponin I

TPEN:

N,N,N′N′-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine

Tyr:

Tyrosine

UTP:

Uridine 5′-triphosphate

VSMC:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

ZIP kinase:

Zipper interacting protein kinase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    W. G. Wier

  2. Boston Biomedical Research Institute, 64 Grove Street, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA

    K. G. Morgan

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Correspondence to W. G. Wier .

Electronic Supplementary Material

Ca2+ waves in the muscle cells of rat resistance arteries during α1-adrenoceptor activation.

Video clip shows effect of phenylephrine (5.0 µM) on Ca+ in a rat mesenteric small atery (* indicates presence of drug)

MPEG Video (2.2 MB)

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Wier, W.G., Morgan, K.G. (2003). α1-Adrenergic signaling mechanisms in contraction of resistance arteries. In: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol 150. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10254-003-0019-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10254-003-0019-8

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