Abstract
In cold regions, recurrent freeze–thaw action and loading conditions are important factors affecting the long-term durability of natural rocks in engineering systems. This study explores the effects of freeze-thaw action and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of the sandstone retrieved from Urumqi areas of western China. In addition, a decay function model was built for predicting the mechanical degradation and durability of the tested rock based on the P-wave velocity results. The results suggest that the mechanical properties of samples under either static or dynamic loading decrease with the increase in freeze-thaw action. However, the enhancement influence of the strain rate on dynamic compression strength and deformation modulus under freeze-thaw action still exists and increases with the increasing strain rate. Moreover, under the same dynamic loading, increasing in freeze-thaw action can aggravate the fragmentation degree of the tested sample. The proposed decay model is in good agreement with the data measured in the tests, and the model can accurately describe the influences of freeze-thaw action and strain rate on deterioration responses of the rock. Thus, this decay model can be used to obtain better predictions of the long-term durability of tested rocks under the effect of freeze–thaw action and strain rate.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akin M, Özsan A (2011) Evaluation of the long-term durability of yellow travertine using accelerated weathering tests. Bull Eng Geol Environ 70:101–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0287-x
Altindag R, Alyildiz I, Onargan T (2004) Mechanical property degradation of ignimbrite subjected to recurrent freeze–thaw cycles. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:1023–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.005
ASTM D5312/D5312M-12 (2013) Standard test method for evaluation of durability of rock for erosion control under freezing and thawing conditions. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/D5312_D5312M-12
Bayram F (2012) Predicting mechanical strength loss of natural stones after freeze-thaw in cold regions. Cold Reg Sci Technol 83–84:98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.07.003
Dai F, Huang S, Xia K, Tan Z (2010) Some fundamental issues in dynamic compression and tension tests of rocks using split Hopkinson pressure bar. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43:657–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-010-0091-8
Fan L, Gao J, Du X, Wu Z (2020a) Spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage to granite. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 12:917–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.05.004
Fan LF, Gao JW, Du XL (2020b) Thermal cycling effects on micro-property variation of granite by a spatial micro-observation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:2921–2928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02065-8
Fan LF, Gao JW, Wu ZJ et al (2018) An investigation of thermal effects on micro-properties of granite by X-ray CT technique. Appl Therm Eng 140:505–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.074
Fan LF, Wu ZJ, Wan Z, Gao JW (2017) Experimental investigation of thermal effects on dynamic behavior of granite. Appl Therm Eng 125:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.007
Fang W, Jiang N, Luo X (2019) Establishment of damage statistical constitutive model of loaded rock and method for determining its parameters under freeze-thaw condition. Cold Reg Sci Technol 160:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.01.004
Fang X, Xu J, Wang P (2018) Compressive failure characteristics of yellow sandstone subjected to the coupling effects of chemical corrosion and repeated freezing and thawing. Eng Geol 233:160–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.12.014
Gao F, Xiong X, Zhou K et al (2019) Strength deteriotation model of saturated sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles. Rock Soil Mech 140:926–932. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.1886
Ghobadi MH, Babazadeh R (2015) Experimental studies on the effects of cyclic freezing–thawing, salt crystallization, and thermal shock on the physical and mechanical characteristics of selected sandstones. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1001–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0609-6
Gong FQ, Si XF, Li XB, Wang SY (2019) Dynamic triaxial compression tests on sandstone at high strain rates and low confining pressures with split Hopkinson pressure bar. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 113:211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.12.005
Hale P, Shakoor A (2003) A laboratory investigation of the effects of cyclic heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing on the compressive strength of selected sandstones. Environ Eng Geosci 9:117–130. https://doi.org/10.2113/9.2.117
Hallet B (2006) GEOLOGY: why do freezing rocks break? Science 314:1092–1093. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135200
Huang S, Liu Q, Cheng A, Liu Y (2018) A statistical damage constitutive model under freeze-thaw and loading for rock and its engineering application. Cold Reg Sci Technol 145:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.10.015
Jamshidi A, Nikudel MR, Khamehchiyan M (2013) Predicting the long-term durability of building stones against freeze-thaw using a decay function model. Cold Reg Sci Technol 92:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.03.007
Kahraman S (2002) Estimating the direct P -wave velocity value of intact rock from indirect laboratory measurements. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 39:101–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00005-9
Kamali-Asl A, Ghazanfari E, Hedayat A, Deering L (2018) Investigation of static/dynamic moduli and plastic response of shale specimens. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 110:231–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.08.008
Khanlari G, Abdilor Y (2015) Influence of wet–dry, freeze–thaw, and heat–cool cycles on the physical and mechanical properties of Upper Red sandstones in central Iran. Bull Eng Geol Environ 74:1287–1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0691-8
Li J, Kaunda RB, Zhou K (2018) Experimental investigations on the effects of ambient freeze-thaw cycling on dynamic properties and rock pore structure deterioration of sandstone. Cold Reg Sci Technol 154:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.06.015
Li X (2014) Rock dynamic fundamentals and applications. Science Press, Beijing
Li X, Hong L, Yin T et al (2008) Relationship between diameter of split Hopkinson pressure bar and minimum loading rate under rock failure. J Cent S Univ Technol 15:218–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-008-0042-7
Li X, Lok TS, Zhao J (2005) Dynamic characteristics of granite subjected to intermediate loading rate. Rock Mech Rock Eng 38:21–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-004-0030-7
Liu C, Deng H, Zhao H, Zhang J (2018) Effects of freeze-thaw treatment on the dynamic tensile strength of granite using the Brazilian test. Cold Reg Sci Technol 155:327–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.022
Liu Q, Huang S, Kang Y, Liu X (2015) A prediction model for uniaxial compressive strength of deteriorated rocks due to freeze–thaw. Cold Reg Sci Technol 120:96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.09.013
Liu X, Yuan W, Fu Y et al (2016) Tests on shear strength deterioration of sandstone under the action of chemical solution and drying-wetting cycles and analysis of chemical thermodynamics. Chinese J Rock. Mech Eng 35:2534–2541. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2016.0943
Momeni A, Abdilor Y, Khanlari GR et al (2016) The effect of freeze–thaw cycles on physical and mechanical properties of granitoid hard rocks. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75:1649–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0787-9
Mutlutürk M, Altindag R, Türk G (2004) A decay function model for the integrity loss of rock when subjected to recurrent cycles of freezing-thawing and heating-cooling. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00095-9
Park J, Hyun CU, Park HD (2015) Changes in microstructure and physical properties of rocks caused by artificial freeze–thaw action. Bull Eng Geol Environ 74:555–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0630-8
Ruedrich J, Kirchner D, Siegesmund S (2011) Physical weathering of building stones induced by freeze-thaw action: A laboratory long-term study. Environ Earth Sci 63:1573–1586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0826-6
Sun L (2016) Structural evolution and rock pressure activity regularity of weakly cemented strata of the large mining height work face in Western China. University of Science and Technology, Beijing
Wang B, Li XB (2012) Mesomechanics analysis of static compressive strength and dynamic compressive strength of water-saturated rock under uniaxial load. Baozha Yu Chongji/Explosion Shock Waves 32:423–431
Wang L, Li N, Qi J, Tian Y (2019) A study on the physical index change and triaxial compression test of intact hard rock subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Cold Reg Sci Technol 160:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.01.001
Wang P, Xu J, Liu S et al (2016) A prediction model for the dynamic mechanical degradation of sedimentary rock after a long-term freeze-thaw weathering: considering the strain-rate effect. Cold Reg Sci Technol 131:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.08.003
Xu G, Liu Q (2005) Freeze-thaw cycling and mechanical testing study on frozen-thawed rocks. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 24:3076–3082. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.17.012
Zappia G, Sabbioni C, Riontino C et al (1998) Exposure tests of building materials in urban atmosphere. Sci Total Environ 224:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00359-3
Zhang J, Deng H, Taheri A et al (2018) Degradation of physical and mechanical properties of sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and chemical erosion. Cold Reg Sci Technol 155:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.07.007
Zhang J, Deng H, Taheri A et al (2019) Deterioration and strain energy development of sandstones under quasi- static and dynamic loading after freeze-thaw cycles. Cold Reg Sci Technol 160:252–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.01.007
Zhou K, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang Y (2012a) Experimental study of NMR characteristics in rock under freezing and thawing cycles. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31(6):731–737. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6915.2012.04.011
Zhou YX, Xia K, Li XB et al (2012b) Suggested methods for determining the dynamic strength parameters and mode-I fracture toughness of rock materials. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 49:105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.10.004
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to the authors of all the references. This study was supported by “The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1803118)” and “The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51974296).”
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Writing—review and editing, Junce Xu, HaiPu, and Ziheng Sha. Visualization, Junce Xu and Ziheng Sha. supervision, HaiPu. Project administration, Haipu.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, J., Pu, H. & Sha, Z. Mechanical behavior and decay model of the sandstone in Urumqi under coupling of freeze–thaw and dynamic loading. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80, 2963–2978 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02133-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02133-5