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A device for the measurement of the horizontal to vertical stress ratio in powders

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Abstract

A new experimental device for the measurement of the hzorizontal to vertical stress ratio was developed. The tester is designed to conduct the required measurements using a single standard load cell without the need to apply strain gauges on custom built parts. Three different procedures were tested with free-flowing incompressible powders to determine the most precise procedure. This optimal procedure included the preliminary twisting of the cell lid to pre-shear the sample and was modified to conduct experiments with cohesive compressible powders. The results obtained from the best procedure were compared with those from commonly used estimating equations for the horizontal to vertical stress ratio as a function of the angle of internal friction. The obtained results were consistent with the Koenen equation (Koenen in Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung 16:446–449, 1896) for free-flowing materials and with the DIN 1055 equation (DIN 1055 Teil 6, Lastannahmen für Bauten, Lasten in Silozellen, 1987) for cohesive materials.

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Abbreviations

\(C\) :

Cohesion, Pa

\(d_{32}\) :

Sauter mean particle diameter, m

\(d_{50}\) :

Median distribution of the particle diameter, m

\(D_{\mathrm{c}}\) :

Cell diameter, m

\(F_{\mathrm{h}}\) :

Horizontal force, N

\(g\) :

Acceleration due to gravity, m \(\text{ s }^{-2}\)

\(H_{\mathrm{s}}\) :

Sample height, m

\(K\) :

Horizontal to vertical stress ratio

\(K_{\mathrm{a}}\) :

Horizontal to vertical stress ratio in the active state

\(K_{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Horizontal to vertical stress ratio in the passive state

\(m_{\mathrm{v}}\) :

Applied load mass, kg

\(N_{\mathrm{t}}\) :

Number of twists

\(\delta \) :

Effective angle of internal friction, deg

\(\delta _{\infty }\) :

Asymptotic value at the high consolidation of \(\delta \), deg

\(\phi _{\mathrm{i}}\) :

Angle of internal friction, deg

\(\rho _{\mathrm{b}}\) :

Bulk density of the powder, kg \(\text{ m }^{-3}\)

\(\rho _{\mathrm{ba}}\) :

Bulk density of the poured powder, kg \(\text{ m }^{-3}\)

\(\sigma _{\mathrm{h}}\) :

Horizontal stress, Pa

\(\sigma _{\mathrm{v}}\) :

Vertical stress, Pa

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Domenico Pisano and Valentina Nappo for their help with executing the experiments.

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  1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 , Fisciano, SA, Italy

    Diego Barletta & Massimo Poletto

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  1. Diego Barletta
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  2. Massimo Poletto
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Correspondence to Massimo Poletto.

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Barletta, D., Poletto, M. A device for the measurement of the horizontal to vertical stress ratio in powders. Granular Matter 15, 487–497 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-013-0427-7

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