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Molecular and biological characterization of a novel mild strain of citrus tristeza virus in California

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Abstract

Strain differentiating marker profiles of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates from California have shown the presence of multiple genotypes. To better define the genetic diversity involved, full-length genome sequences from four California CTV isolates were determined by small-interfering RNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide sequence comparisons differentiated these isolates into the genotypes VT (CA-VT-AT39), T30 (CA-T30-AT4), and a new strain called S1 (CA-S1-L and CA-S1-L65). S1 isolates had three common recombination events within portions of genes from VT, T36 and RB strains and were transmissible by Aphis gossypii. Virus indexing showed that CA-VT-AT39 could be classified as a severe strain, whereas CA-T30-AT4, CA-S1-L and CA-S1-L65 were mild. CA-VT-AT39, CA-S1-L, and CA-S1-L65 reacted with monoclonal antibody MCA13, whereas CA-T30-AT4 did not. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR detection assays for the S1 strain were developed and used to screen MCA13-reactive isolates in a CTV collection from central California collected from 1968 to 2011. Forty-two isolates were found to contain the S1 strain, alone or in combinations with other genotypes. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis of the S1 p25 gene region with other extant CTV sequences from the NCBI database suggested that putative S1-like isolates might occur elsewhere (e.g., China, South Korea, Turkey, Bosnia and Croatia). This information is important for CTV evolution, detection of specific strains, and cross-protection.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by grants from the Citrus Research Board and Tulare County Pest Control District. We thank Robert DeBorde and Casey Crockett, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, for technical assistance. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Funding

This study was funded in part by Citrus Research Board Grants 5300-138 and 5300-166 and Tulare County Pest Control District Agreement 58-2034-5-026 to Raymond Yokomi.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA

    Raymond Yokomi, Vijayanandraj Selvaraj & Yogita Maheshwari

  2. Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Italian National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy

    Michela Chiumenti & Maria Saponari

  3. Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy

    Annalisa Giampetruzzi

  4. School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-7186, USA

    Ziming Weng & Zhongguo Xiong

  5. Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA, 93274-9367, USA

    Subhas Hajeri

Authors
  1. Raymond Yokomi
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  2. Vijayanandraj Selvaraj
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  6. Annalisa Giampetruzzi
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  7. Ziming Weng
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  8. Zhongguo Xiong
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  9. Subhas Hajeri
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Contributions

RKY, VS, YM, MS, and SH conceived and designed the experiments; RKY, VS, YM, MS, and AG performed the experiments; RKY, VS, YM, MS, and MC analyzed the data; RKY, MS, SH, ZX, and ZW contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; RKY, VS, YM, and SH wrote the paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raymond Yokomi.

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All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Handling Editor: Sead Sabanadzovic.

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Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/link.

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Yokomi, R., Selvaraj, V., Maheshwari, Y. et al. Molecular and biological characterization of a novel mild strain of citrus tristeza virus in California. Arch Virol 163, 1795–1804 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3799-5

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