Abstract
Satellite-based precipitation data can be a valuable source for performing hydro-climatological analyses: such as drought and water balance estimations with long and temporally consistent data. In this study, the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) precipitation estimations were compared with station-based precipitation measurements at daily, dekadal, and monthly time scales using statistical and categorical validation measures. The assessment study includes 77 ground-based meteorological stations distributed throughout Turkey, and the study period corresponds to years 2008 through 2018. Overall evaluation indicates that CHIRPS estimates exhibit high correlation on dekadal and monthly time scales; however correlation decreases for daily estimates. A positive bias is found over Turkey, and a particular overestimation was detected between the precipitation amounts of 0–25 mm/dekad and 0–80 mm/month. CHIRPS tends to underestimate high precipitation amounts of 25–80 mm/dekad and 150–300 mm/month. CHIRPS estimations show the best performance in winter when Turkey’s precipitation regime is dominated by cyclones and the lowest performance in the spring season. The study area was delineated into six regions according to their precipitation climatology and hydrological basins borders. The best performance for monthly CHIRPS estimates was in western Anatolia (r = 0.88). For all regions, precipitation detection capability is significantly high not only for monthly but also for dekadal CHIRPS estimates. Probability of detection was found between 0.83 and 0.98, and the false alarm rate changes between 0.30 and 0.13 for the thresholds of 50 mm/month and 5 mm/month, respectively. In rainfall categories of 30, 40, and 50 mm / month the capacity to determine rain and no rain was significantly high. CHIRPS estimations for 54 meteorological stations were reasonably biased (between ± 20%) with ground-based observations. Results show that CHIRPS estimations over Western Anatolia, Southern Anatolia, and Marmara regions are more consistent than the mountainous eastern and northeastern parts of the country. CHIRPS estimates can be used for hydro-climatological studies such as drought and water balance modeling over Turkey considering the error characteristics presented in this study.
References
Amjad M, Yilmaz T, Yucel I, Yilmaz KK (2020) Performance evaluation of satellite- and model-based precipitation products over varying climate and complex topography. J Hydrol 584:124707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.20
Baltaci H (2020) The role of atmospheric processes associated with a flash-flood event over Northwestern Turkey. Pure Appl Geophys, (in press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02413-y
Beck HE, Vergopolan N, Pan M, Levizzani V, van Dijk AIJM, Weedon G, Brocca L, Pappenberger F, Huffman GJ, Wood EF (2017) Global-scale evaluation of 23 precipitation datasets using gauge observations and hydrological modeling. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 21:6201–6217
Cavus Y, Aksoy H (2020a) Spatial drought characterization for Seyhan River basin in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Water 11:1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071331
Cavus Y, Aksoy H (2020b) Critical drought severity/intensity-duration-frequency curves based on precipitation deficit. Critical drought severity/intensity-duration-frequency curves based on precipitation deficit Journal of Hydrology 584:124312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124312
Dembélé M, Zwart SJ (2016) Evaluation and comparison of satellite-based rainfall products in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Int J Remote Sens 37(17):3995–4014. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1207258
Derin Y, Yilmaz KK (2014) Evaluation of multiple satellite-based precipitation products over complex topography. J Hydrometeorol 15(4):1498–1516. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0191.1
Derin Y, Anagnostou E, Berne A, Borga M, Boudevillain B, Buytaert W, Chang CH, Delrieu G, Hong Y, Hsu YC, Lavado-Casimiro W, Manz B, Moges S, Nikolopoulos EI, Sahlu D, Salerno F, Rodriguez-Sanchez JP, Vergara HJ, Yilmaz KK (2016) Multiregional satellite precipitation products evaluation over complex terrain. J Hydrometeorol 17(1817–1836):2016
Dinku T, Ceccato P, Cressman, Connor SJ (2010) Evaluating detection skills of satellite rainfall estimates over desert locust recession regions. J Appl Meteorol and Climatol 49(6):1322–1332
Dinku T, Funk C, Peterson P, Maidment R, Tadesse T, Gadain H, Ceccato P (2018) Validation of the CHIRPS satellite rainfall estimates over eastern of Africa. Q J R Meteorol Soc 144:292–312
Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Rowland, J., Romero, B., Husak, G., Michaelsen, J. and Verdin, A. (2014). A quasi-global precipitation time series for drought monitoring. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series, 832, 4. https://doi.org/10.3133/ds832
Funk, C., Verdin, J., Michaelsen, J., Peterson, P., Pedreros, D. and Husak, G. (2015). A global satellite assisted precipitation climatology. Earth System Science Data Discussions, 7, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5194/essdd-7-1-2015
Guo, H., Bao, A., Liu, T., Ndayisaba, F., He, D., Kurban, A., De Maeyer, P. (2017). Meteorological drought analysis in the lower Mekong Basin using satellite-based long-term CHIRPS product. Sustainability, 9, 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060901
Hsu K, Gao X, Sorooshian S, Gupta HV (1997) Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks. J Appl Meteorol 36:1176–1190
Huffman GJ, Bolvin DT, Nelkin EJ, Wolff DB, Adler RF, Gu G, Hong Y, Bowman KP, Stocker EF (2007) The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J Hydrometeorol 8:38–55. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM560.1
Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Nelkin, E.J. (2015). Day 1 IMERG final run: release notes 1–9.https://doi.org/http://pmm.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/document_files/IMERG_FinalRun_Day1_release_notes.pdf
IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) Cambridge University Press, 2013
Joyce RJ, Janowiak JE, Arkin PA, Xie P (2004) CMORPH A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J Hydrometeorol 5:487–503
Katsanos D, Retalis A, Tymvios F, Michaelides S (2016) Analysis of precipitation extremes based on satellite (CHIRPS) and in situ dataset over Cyprus. Nat Hazards 83:53–63
Kidd C, Kniveton DR, Todd MC, Bellerby TJ (2003) Satellite rainfall estimation using combined passive microwave and infrared algorithms. J Hydrometeorol 4(6):1088–1104
Kozu T, Kawanishi T, Kuroiwa H, Kojima M, Oikawa K, Kumagai H, Okamoto K, Okumura M, Nakatsuka H, Nishikawa K (2001) Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 39(1):102–116
Kummerow C, Hong Y, Olson WS, Yang S, Adler RF, Mccollum J, Wilheit TT (2001) The evolution of the Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) for rainfall estimation from passive microwave sensors. J Appl Meteorol 40(11):1801–1820
Le AM, Pricope NG (2017) Increasing the accuracy of runoff and Streamflow simulation in the Nzoia Basin, western Kenya, through the incorporation of satellite-derived CHIRPS data. Water 9:114. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9020114
Li JG, Ruan HX, Li JR, Huang SF (2010) Application of TRMM precipitation data in meteorological drought monitoring. J C China Hydrol 30(4):43–46
Maidment RI, Allan RP, Black E (2015) Recent observed and simulated changes in precipitation over Africa. Geophys Res Lett 42:8155–8164
Miller SW, Arkin PA, Joyce RA (2001) A combined microwave/infrared rain rate algorithm. Int J Remote Sens 22:3285–3307
Nash JE, Sutcliffe JV (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I — A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology 10(3):282–290
Önol B (2012) Effects of coastal topography on climate: high-resolution simulation with a regional climate model. Clim res 52(159):174. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01077
Paredes-Trejo FJ, Barbosa HA, Peñaloza-Murillo MA, Moreno MA, Farías A (2016) Intercomparison of improved satellite rainfall estimation with CHIRPS gridded product and rain gauge data over Venezuela. Atmósfera 29:323–342
Paredes-Trejo FJ, Barbosa HA, Lakshmi Kumar TV (2017) Validating CHIRPS-based satellite precipitation estimates in Northeast Brazil. J Arid Environ 139:26–40
Porcù F, Milani L, Petracca M (2014) On the uncertainties in validating satellite instantaneous rainfall estimates with raingauge operational network. Atmos Res 144:73–81
Rao KK, Patwardhan SK, Kulkarni A, Kamala K, Sabade SS, Kumar KK (2014) Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation indices over India using PRECIS. Glob Planet Change 113:77–90
Rivera JA, Penalba OC, Villalba R, Araneo DC (2017) Spatio-temporal patterns of the 2010-2015 extreme hydrological drought across the Central Andes, Argentina. Water 9:652. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090652
Saeidizand R, Sabetghadam S, Tarnavsky E, Pierleoni A (2018) Evaluation of CHIRPS rainfall estimates over Iran. Q J Royal Meteorol Soc 144:282–291
Selek B., Aksu H., 2020 Water resources potential of Turkey. In: Harmancioglu N., Altinbilek D. (eds) Water resources of Turkey. World water resources, vol 2.Springer, Cham
Shukla S, McNally A, Husak G, Funk C (2014) A seasonal agricultural drought forecast system for food-insecure regions of East Africa. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:3907–3921
Sonmez I, Komuscu AU, Oztopal A, Sen Z, Erdi E (2009) Validation of the blended MW-IR satellite-derived instantaneous rain rate and accumulated rainfall products in the Western Black Sea Basin of Turkey Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. In: 11, EGU2009–9727. Assembly, EGU General
Soytekin A (2010) Evaluating the use of satellite-based precipitation estimates for discharge estimation in ungauged basins, M.S, Thesis, METU, civil Eng. Dept, September, Ankara
Su F, Hong Y, Lettenmaier DP (2008) Evaluation of TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) and its utility in hydrologic prediction in the La Plata basin. J Hydrometeorol 9(4):622–640
Tote C, Patricio D, Boogaard H, Van Der Wijngaart R, Tarnavsky E, Funk C (2015) Evaluation of satellite rainfall estimates for drought and flood monitoring in Mozambique. Remote Sens 7(2):1758–1776
Türkeş M (1996) Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey. Int J Climatol 16:1057–1076
Vigaud N, Lyon B, Giannini A (2017) Sub-seasonal teleconnections between convection over the Indian Ocean, the east African long rains and tropical Pacific surface temperatures. Int J Climatol 37:1167–1180
Xu W, Zou Y, Zhang G, Linderman M (2015) A comparison among spatial interpolation techniques for daily rainfall data in Sichuan Province. China Int J Climatol 35(10):2898–2907
Yilmaz, K.K., Gupta, H., Hogue, T.S., Hsu, K., Wagener, T., Sorooshian, S., (2005). Evaluating de utility of satellite-based precipitation estimates for runoff prediction in ungauged basins. Regional hydrological impacts of climatic change—impact assessment and decision making. Proceedings of the VII IAHS meeting, Foz Do Iguaçu, April 3–9
Yilmaz, M., Amjad, M., Bulut, B., Yılmaz, M.T. (2017). Investigation of the dependence of satellite-based precipitation estimate errors to distance from the coastline. Technical Journal, 28-3, 7993-8005 0017-06-29. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.306970
Young MP, Williams CJR, Chiu JC, Maidment R, Chen S-H (2014) Investigation of discrepancies in satellite rainfall estimates over Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrometeorology 15:2347–2369. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0111.1
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the State Meteorology Service of Turkey, Climate Hazard Group, and UCBS for providing the precipitation data used in this study. We also thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aksu, H., Akgül, M.A. Performance evaluation of CHIRPS satellite precipitation estimates over Turkey. Theor Appl Climatol 142, 71–84 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03301-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03301-5