Case summary
A 50-day-old girl was referred for a history of recurrent vomiting, poor feeding and moderate failure to thrive. She was born by a caesarean section at 41 + 5 weeks of gestation, from non-consanguineous parents. Her birth weight was 3430 g and she was fed with breast milk and formula. Upon admission, her weight was 3700 g (3° percentile) and blood pressure was normal. Physical examination showed mild dystrophy with poor representation of subcutaneous fat, normal external genitalia and age-appropriate psychomotor development.
Laboratory tests showed mild hyponatraemia (130 mEq/L) and hyperkalaemia (6 mEq/L), normal plasma creatinine (0.26 mg/dl) and metabolic acidosis (pH 7.23, pCO2 53 mmHg, HCO3- 21.8 mmol/L, lactic acid 7.5 mmol/L). Potassium and sodium urinary fractional excretion were 23% and 0.98%, respectively. In the urine sample, no proteinuria, white blood cells, bacteria or haematuria were detected. Abdominal ultrasound results were normal.
Due to the acidosis with persistence of poor feeding and vomiting, a hydration with an intravenous physiological solution was empirically started. While metabolic acidosis was resolved with the infusion, hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia persisted. Further analysis revealed a significant increase of plasma renin activity and aldosterone (respectively, > 500 μUI/mL, normal value 4 44; > 1000 ng/dL, normal value 30–50).
Questions
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What is the most likely diagnosis?
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What would be an alternative diagnosis?
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What is the treatment and prognosis of the disease?
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Giulia Pennesi, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, for the English revision of the manuscript.
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Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Trieste within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.
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The answers to these questions can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04647-8.
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Conversano, E., Romano, S., Taddio, A. et al. When salt is needed to grow: Questions. Pediatr Nephrol 36, 1129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04639-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04639-8