Abstract
The pollination syndrome hypothesis has provided a major conceptual framework for how plants and pollinators interact. However, the assumption of specialization in pollination systems and the reliability of floral traits in predicting the main pollinators have been questioned recently. In addition, the relationship between ecological and evolutionary specialization in pollination interactions is still poorly understood. We used data of 62 plant species from three communities across southern Norway to test: (1) the relationships between floral traits and the identity of pollinators, (2) the association between floral traits (evolutionary specialization) and ecological generalization, and (3) the consistency of both relationships across communities. Floral traits significantly affected the identity of pollinators in the three communities in a way consistent with the predictions derived from the pollination syndrome concept. However, hover flies and butterflies visited flowers with different shapes in different communities, which we mainly attribute to among-community variation in pollinator assemblages. Interestingly, ecological generalization depended more on the community-context (i.e. the plant and pollinator assemblages in the communities) than on specific floral traits. While open yellow and white flowers were the most generalist in two communities, they were the most specialist in the alpine community. Our results warn against the use of single measures of ecological generalization to question the pollination syndrome concept, and highlight the importance of community comparisons to assess the pollination syndromes, and to understand the relationships between ecological and evolutionary specialization in plant–pollinator interactions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Paul Aakerøy, Sondre Eikås, Vegard Eldholm, Peter Greve, Manuel Hidalgo, Maria Collet Knagenhjelm, Kristian Kyed, Rebekka Lundgren, Kirsten Marthinsen, Torkjell Solbraa, Mari Steinert, Siril Stenerud, Hartvig Velund, Silje Wang, Torstein Wilmot, Knut Frederick Øi, and Magnus Øye for their invaluable help in the field. We are also very grateful to John-Arvid Grytnes and Marcos Méndez for their statistical advice. This study was supported by the projects 170532/V40 and 154185/720, financed by the Norwegian Research Council.
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Communicated by Florian Schiestl.
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442_2008_1066_MOESM1_ESM.doc
Plant species considered in the study, the colour, shape and symmetry (Sy) used in the analyses, the time (hours) used recording pollinators, and the number of pollinator visits recorded. Index of ecological pollinator generalization (PG); main pollinators and their percentage of visits in parentheses. (DOC 176 kb)
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Lázaro, A., Hegland, S.J. & Totland, Ø. The relationships between floral traits and specificity of pollination systems in three Scandinavian plant communities. Oecologia 157, 249–257 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1066-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1066-2