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The fitness consequences of bearing domatia and having the right ant partner: experiments with protective and non-protective ants in a semi-myrmecophyte

  • Plant animal interactions
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Abstract

The fitness advantage provided by caulinary domatia to myrmecophytes has never been directly demonstrated because most myrmecophytic species do not present any individual variation in the presence of domatia and the removal of domatia from entire plants is a destructive process. The semi-myrmecophytic tree, Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae), is an ideal species to investigate the selective advantage conferred by domatia because within the same population, some plants are devoid of domatia while others bear them. Several ant species patrol the plant for extra-floral nectar. Fruit production was found to be enhanced in domatia-bearing trees compared to trees devoid of domatia independent of the ant associate. However, this domatium effect was most conspicuous for trees associated with the populous and nomadic ant, Technomyrmex albipes. This species is a frequent associate of H. brunonis, inhabiting its domatia or building carton nests on it. Ant exclusion experiments revealed that T. albipes was the only ant to provide efficient anti-herbivore protection to the leaves of its host tree. Measures of ant activity as well as experiments using caterpillars revealed that the higher efficiency of T. albipes was due to its greater patrolling density and consequent shorter lag time in attacking the larvae. T. albipes also provided efficient anti-herbivore protection to flowers since fruit initiation was greater on ant-patrolled inflorescences than on those from which ants were excluded. We therefore demonstrated that caulinary domatia provide a selective advantage to their host-plant and that biotic defence is potentially the main fitness benefit mediated by domatia. However, it is not the sole advantage. The general positive effect of domatia on fruit set in this ant–plant could reflect other benefits conferred by domatia-inhabitants, which are not restricted to ants in this myrmecophyte, but comprise a large diversity of other invertebrates. Our results indicate that mutualisms enhance the evolution of myrmecophytism.

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Acknowledgments

The research was funded by a “Romain Rolland” post-doctoral fellowship of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and by the Ministry of the Environment and Forests, Government of India. We thank the Forest Department of Karnataka for permission to carry out research in the field, as well as Raghavan, Eerappan and Salaam for their cordial field assistance. Dr. T.M. Musthak Ali and Dr. K. Chandrashekara (University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore) and B. Bolton (London Museum of Natural History) are thanked for their taxonomic determinations of insects. This manuscript was greatly improved by stimulating discussions with Megha Shenoy, Carine Brouat and Doyle McKey as well as by the highly constructive contribution of four anonymous referees.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botanique et bioinformatique de l’architecture des plantes, UMR CNRS 5120, TA 40/PS 2, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France

    Laurence Gaume

  2. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India

    Merry Zacharias & Renee M. Borges

  3. Department of Biometry, CEFE-CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France

    Vladimir Grosbois

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  1. Laurence Gaume
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  2. Merry Zacharias
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  4. Renee M. Borges
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Correspondence to Laurence Gaume.

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Communicated by Christian Koerner

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Gaume, L., Zacharias, M., Grosbois, V. et al. The fitness consequences of bearing domatia and having the right ant partner: experiments with protective and non-protective ants in a semi-myrmecophyte. Oecologia 145, 76–86 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0107-3

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