Abstract
Guidance of cells and tissue sheets is an essential function in developing and differentiating animal tissues. In Hydra, where cells and tissue move dynamically due to constant cell proliferation towards the termini or into lateral, vegetative buds, factors essential for guidance are still unknown. Good candidates to take over this function are fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). We present the phylogeny of several Hydra FGFs and analysis of their expression patterns. One of the FGFs is expressed in all terminal regions targeted by tissue movement and at boundaries crossed by moving tissue and cells with an expression pattern slightly differing in two Hydra strains. A model addressing an involvement of this FGF in cell movement and morphogenesis is proposed: Hydra FGFf-expressing cells might serve as sources to attract tissue and cells towards the termini of the body column and across morphological boundaries. Moreover, a function in morphogenesis and/or differentiation of cells and tissue is suggested.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Heide Brandtner for the care of our hydra cultures and Katja Gessner for the help with EndNote. Our referees helped with their constructive comments to improve the manuscript.
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Communicated by Volker G. Hartenstein
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Fig. S1
Alignment of the core regions used in the first round of identification of Hydra a Core region without insertions, b Complete GeneDoc alignment adjusted manually. The red bar indicates localization of the core region (PDF 621 kb)
Fig. S2
Names and accession numbers of all FGFs and databases, and complete alignment. (PDF 11 kb)
Fig. S3
Summary of details for the Hydra AEP FGFs and primers (PDF 45 kb)
Fig. S4
All FGF sequences used for the phylogenetic tree (104 species) (PDF 43 kb)
Fig. S5
RaxML tree for FGFs obtained by using a ML analysis. (PDF 257 kb)
Fig. S6
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR for Hydra FGFf and EF1α (a comparison of the intensities of FGFf and EF1α between Hydra magnipapillata wt 105 (Hm) and Hydra vulgaris AEP (AEP) strains following 30 PCR cycles. b Comparison of the PCR profile for FGFf fragment amplification between cDNAs of both Hydra strains by removing aliquots from the PCR reaction after 22, 25 and 28 cycles. No difference could be traced. (PDF 419 kb)
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Lange, E., Bertrand, S., Holz, O. et al. Dynamic expression of a Hydra FGF at boundaries and termini. Dev Genes Evol 224, 235–244 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-014-0480-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-014-0480-1