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How do different diagnostic criteria, age and gender affect the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults? An epidemiological study in a Hungarian community sample

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Abstract

The goal of the study was twofold: (1) to investigate the effect of different diagnostic criteria on prevalence estimates of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and (2) to provide prevalence estimates of adult ADHD for the first time in a Hungarian sample. Subjects between 18 and 60 years were included in the screening phase of the study (N = 3,529), conducted in 17 GP practices in Budapest. Adult self-report scale 6-item version was used for screening. Out of 279 positively screened subjects 161 subjects participated in a clinical interview and filled out a self-report questionnaire to confirm the diagnosis. Beside DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, we applied four alternative diagnostic criteria: ‘No-onset’ (DSM-IV criteria without the specific requirement for onset); full/Sx (DSM-IV “symptoms only” criteria); and reduced/Sx (DSM-IV “symptoms only” criteria with a reduced threshold for symptom count). Crude prevalence estimates adjusted for the specificity and sensitivity data of the screener were 1.35% in the ‘DSM-IV’ group, 1.64% in the ‘No-onset’ group, 3.65% in the ‘Sx/full’ group and 4.16% in the ‘Sx/reduced’ group. Logistic regression analysis showed that ADHD was significantly more prevalent with younger age and male gender [χ2 = 14.46; P = 0.0007]. Prevalence estimates corrected for the ‘not-interviewed’ subsample and adjusted for specificity and sensitivity data of the screener was 2.3% in males, 0.91% in females; 2.02% in the ≤40 years age group and 0.70% in the >40 years age group, based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Prevalence rates found in this study are somewhat lower, but still are in line with those reported in the literature.

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Acknowledgments

Authors would like to express their gratitude to the 17 general practitioners and their assistants for the contribution in this study: Katalin Mohácsi, Enikő Zsoldos, Anikó Szűcs, Erzsébet Csibi, Gábor Karai, Péter Varjassy, Beáta Galló, Mária Mihály, Zsuzsanna Miskolczi, János Laky, Annamária Balogh, Zsuzsanna Kodák, Éva Fenyővári, Júlia Zolnay, Ferenc Fodor, Éva Kretz, Zsuzsanna Horváth. Especially, we really appreciate the professional support of Éva Gyarmathy who conducted the training of the interviewers.

Conflict of interest statement

This study was supported by the Moravcsik Foundation and Eli Lilly and Company. Neither the Company nor the Foundation had further role in the design or conduct of the study, in analyses or interpretation of data, in writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University Budapest, Balassa u. 6, 1083, Budapest, Hungary

    István Bitter, Viktoria Simon, Sára Bálint, Ágnes Mészáros & Pál Czobor

  2. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA

    Pál Czobor

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  1. István Bitter
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  2. Viktoria Simon
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Correspondence to Viktoria Simon.

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Bitter, I., Simon, V., Bálint, S. et al. How do different diagnostic criteria, age and gender affect the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults? An epidemiological study in a Hungarian community sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 260, 287–296 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0076-3

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