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Evaluation of Physio-Morphological and Biochemical Responses for Salt Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

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Abstract

Salt toxicity in agricultural soils is a principal abiotic constraint that limits crop growth, development, and yield. The employment of potential selection markers for screening salt-tolerant wheat cultivars is crucial for conventional breeding programs and molecular biology approaches that may ensure sustainable wheat production under saline soils. The current experiment explored the tolerance potential of ten wheat cultivars to salt stress (150 mM) by utilizing various growth, biomass, physiological, and biochemical traits. Salt stress significantly abated growth-related parameters, leaf relative water content (LRWC), SPAD, gas exchange attributes, total soluble proteins (TSP), and anthocyanins in all wheat cultivars. The drop in these attributes was more visible alongside higher oxidative stress mirrored as excessive accumulation of oxidative stress markers such as superoxide radicals (O2⋅‒), methylglyoxal (MG), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in salt-sensitive cultivars than salt-tolerant cultivars. Salinity stress caused disequilibrium in ionic uptake with an apparent decline in K, P, and Ca content with a concomitant increase in the accumulation of Na in both leaves and roots of all wheat cultivars, with a more visible effect in salt-sensitive cultivars. Further, salt-tolerant cultivars displayed greater root Na content. Salt-sensitive cultivars failed to maintain the K/Na ratio under salt toxicity. In contrast, salt-tolerant cultivars displayed better growth, gas exchange attributes, and strengthened antioxidant systems alongside lower oxidative stress. Moreover, salt-tolerant cultivars exhibited a higher accumulation of osmolytes, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide. Therefore, these physiological and biochemical markers could be promising for screening tolerant wheat cultivars under salinity.

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Acknowledgements

This research work has been financially supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

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Author notes

  1. Shafaqat Ali

    Present address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Arslan Ashraf, Arslan Hafeez, Rizwan Rasheed, Iqbal Hussain & Umer Farooq

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rizwan

  3. Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Shafaqat Ali

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  3. Rizwan Rasheed
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  4. Iqbal Hussain
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  5. Umer Farooq
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  6. Muhammad Rizwan
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  7. Shafaqat Ali
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Contributions

MAA: contributed to conceptualization, project administration, supervision, and writing—original draft. AH: contributed to formal analysis, software, validation, and writing—review & editing. RR: contributed to data curation, formal analysis, methodology, and writing—original draft. IH: contributed to conceptualization and writing—review & editing. UF: contributed to supervision, methodology, and writing—review & editing. MR: contributed to formal analysis, supervision, software, validation, and writing—review & editing. SA: contributed to project administration and writing—review & editing.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Arslan Ashraf, Muhammad Rizwan or Shafaqat Ali.

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Ashraf, M.A., Hafeez, A., Rasheed, R. et al. Evaluation of Physio-Morphological and Biochemical Responses for Salt Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 4402–4422 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-10905-4

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