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Gene expression patterns of the coral Acropora millepora in response to contact with macroalgae

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Abstract

Contact with macroalgae often causes coral mortality, but the roles of abrasion versus shading versus allelopathy in these interactions are rarely clear, and effects on gene expression are unknown. Identification of gene expression changes within corals in response to contact with macroalgae can provide insight into the mode of action of allelochemicals, as well as reveal transcriptional strategies of the coral that mitigate damage from this competitive interaction, enabling the coral to survive. Gene expression responses of the coral Acropora millepora after long-term (20 days) direct contact with macroalgae (Chlorodesmis fastigiata, Dictyota bartayresiana, Galaxaura filamentosa, and Turbinaria conoides) and short-term (1 and 24 h) exposure to C. fastigiata thalli and their hydrophobic extract were assessed. After 20 days of exposure, T. conoides thalli elicited no significant change in visual bleaching or zooxanthellae PSII quantum yield within A. millepora nubbins, but stimulated the greatest alteration in gene expression of all treatments. Chlorodesmis fastigiata, D. bartayresiana, and G. filamentosa caused significant visual bleaching of coral nubbins and reduced the PSII quantum yield of associated zooxanthellae after 20 days, but elicited fewer changes in gene expression relative to T. conoides at day 20. To evaluate initial molecular processes leading to reduction of zooxanthella PSII quantum yield, visual bleaching, and coral death, short-term exposures to C. fastigiata thalli and hydrophobic extracts were conducted; these interactions revealed protein degradation and significant changes in catalytic and metabolic activity within 24 h of contact. These molecular responses are consistent with the hypothesis that allelopathic interactions lead to alteration of signal transduction and an imbalance between reactive oxidant species production and antioxidant capabilities within the coral holobiont. This oxidative imbalance results in rapid protein degradation and eventually to apoptosis and/or necrosis when compensatory transcriptional action by the coral holobiont insufficiently mitigates damage by the allelochemicals of C. fastigiata.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Fijian government for collection and research permits, the Votua Village elders for local research permissions and the University of South Pacific for logistical support. V. Bonito, C. Carter, S. Engel, and I. Markham provided field assistance. SE Edge provided assistance with gene expression analysis and comments on the manuscript. Support was provided by the National Science Foundation (DGE 0114400 and OCE 0929119), the National Institutes of Health (U01 TW007401-01), and the Teasley Endowment to the Georgia Institute of Technology. The Morehouse School of Medicine microarray facility is supported by the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (G12-RR03034).

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  1. School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, USA

    T. L. Shearer, D. B. Rasher, T. W. Snell & M. E. Hay

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  1. T. L. Shearer
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Shearer, T.L., Rasher, D.B., Snell, T.W. et al. Gene expression patterns of the coral Acropora millepora in response to contact with macroalgae. Coral Reefs 31, 1177–1192 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0943-7

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