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Innate and adaptive immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus skin infections

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Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that is responsible for the vast majority of bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in humans. S. aureus can also become more invasive and cause life-threatening infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia, abscesses of various organs, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and sepsis. These infections represent a major public health threat due to the enormous numbers of these infections and the widespread emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. MSRA is endemic in hospitals worldwide and is rapidly spreading throughout the normal human population in the community. The increasing frequency of MRSA infections has complicated treatment as these strains are more virulent and are increasingly becoming resistant to multiple different classes of antibiotics. The important role of the immune response against S. aureus infections cannot be overemphasized as humans with certain genetic and acquired immunodeficiency disorders are at an increased risk for infection. Understanding the cutaneous immune responses against S. aureus is essential as most of these infections occur or originate from a site of infection or colonization of the skin and mucosa. This review will summarize the innate immune responses against S. aureus skin infections, including antimicrobial peptides that have direct antimicrobial activity against S. aureus as well as pattern recognition receptors and proinflammatory cytokines that promote neutrophil abscess formation in the skin, which is required for bacterial clearance. Finally, we will discuss the recent discoveries involving IL-17-mediated responses, which provide a key link between cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses against S. aureus skin infections.

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Acknowledgments

L.S.M. is supported by the United States National Institutes of Health (R01 AI078910).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 52-121 Center for Health Sciences, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Sheila Krishna & Lloyd S. Miller

  2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Lloyd S. Miller

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  1. Sheila Krishna
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Correspondence to Lloyd S. Miller.

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This article is published as part of the Special Issue on Immunopathology of staphylococcal infections [34:3].

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Krishna, S., Miller, L.S. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Semin Immunopathol 34, 261–280 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0292-6

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