Abstract
The present human intervention study investigated the relation between the intake of acrylamide (AA) in diets with minimized, low, and high AA contents and the levels of urinary exposure biomarkers. As biomarkers, the mercapturic acids, N-acetyl-S-(carbamoylethyl)-l-cysteine (AAMA), and N-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-cysteine (GAMA) were monitored. The study was performed with 14 healthy male volunteers over a period of 9 days, under controlled conditions excluding any inadvertent AA exposure. Dietary exposure to AA was measured by determining AA contents in duplicates of all meals consumed by the volunteers. The study design included an initial washout period of 3 days on AA-minimized diet, resulting in dietary AA exposure not exceeding 41 ng/kg bw/d. Identical washout periods of 2 days each followed the AA exposure days (day 4, low exposure, and day 7, high exposure). At the respective AA intake days, volunteers ingested 0.6–0.8 (low exposure) or 1.3–1.8 (high exposure) μg AA/kg bw/d with their food. Both low and high AA intakes resulted in an AAMA output within 72 h corresponding to 58 % of the respective AA intake. At the end of the initial 3-day washout period, an AAMA baseline level of 93 ± 31 nmol/d was recorded, suggestive for an assumed net AA baseline exposure level of 0.2–0.3 μg AA/kg bw/d.
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Acknowledgments
We thank our volunteers for their participation in the study and the members of the research group as well as the study director Dr. Jens Galan for conducting the study. We also thank Dorothea Schipp for the statistical evaluation and Sylvia Schmidt, Patricia Podsiadly, Byron Baus, and Johannes Keller for supporting laboratory work. This study has been supported by Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee (ISIC), Entre deux Villes 10-1814 La Tour de Peliz-Switzerland.
Conflict of interest
G. Eisenbrand serves as scientific advisor of ISIC.
Ethical standards
The study was approved by the Ethics Commission of Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz (No. 837.449.12 (8600-F)) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
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Ruenz, M., Bakuradze, T., Eisenbrand, G. et al. Monitoring urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of human dietary exposure to acrylamide in combination with acrylamide uptake assessment based on duplicate diets. Arch Toxicol 90, 873–881 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1494-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1494-9