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Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives

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Abstract

Extreme pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW) additives are necessary for boundary lubrication. However, their mechanisms and physical and chemical properties remain unclear. EP and AW additives were reviewed to fill gaps in theoretical and industrial applications. Compounds containing chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus elements were first used in boundary lubrication because of thermal reaction with metal to form film characteristics. First, the mechanisms of traditional EP and AW additives were analyzed, the physical and chemical properties were compared, and properties affecting factors were studied. Traditional EP and AW additives are not environmentally friendly, but nanoparticle EP and AW additives are excellent substitutes. The mechanisms of nanoparticle EP and AW additives were summarized. The influence of nanoparticle structure parameters, concentration, and media polarity on properties was studied. Second, the influence law of non-polar chain length on traditional EP and AW additives was revealed. The improvement interval of traditional EP and AW additives on the performance of the base fluid was determined. The structural advantage of low crystallinity onion-like and multilayer sheet-like low wrinkle effect of nanoparticles was explained. The particle size design principle attached to the surface roughness and size-dependent melting inhibition mechanism was established. The influence of concentration and media polarity on nanoparticle properties was obtained. Finally, the research of minimum amount matching database and mathematical selection model for traditional EP and AW additives and the molecular dynamics analysis of surface-modified nanoparticles and the development of green general-purpose additives based on molecular design are prospected.

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Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFB2010500), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51975305 and 51905289), the Major Science and Technology Innovation Engineering Projects of Shandong Province (Grant No. 2019JZZY020111), and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos. ZR2020KE027, ZR2020ME158, and ZR2019PEE008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China

    Haogang Li, Yanbin Zhang & Changhe Li

  2. Hanergy (Qingdao) Lubrication Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266200, China

    Zongming Zhou

  3. Nanjing Kerun Lubricants Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211106, China

    Xiaolin Nie

  4. Chengdu Tool Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610500, China

    Yun Chen

  5. School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China

    Huajun Cao

  6. Sichuan Future Aerospace Industry LLC, Shifang, 618400, China

    Bo Liu

  7. Shanghai Jinzhao Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China

    Naiqing Zhang

  8. Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates

    Zafar Said

  9. Mechanical Engineering Department, Curtin University, Miri, 98009, Malaysia

    Sujan Debnath

  10. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China

    Muhammad Jamil

  11. Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Hafiz Muhammad Ali

  12. Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, 144603, India

    Shubham Sharma

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  1. Haogang Li
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Zongming Zhou, Xiaolin Nie, Yun Chen, Huajun Cao, Bo Liu, Naiqing Zhang, Zafar Said, Sujan Debnath, Muhammad Jamil, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, and Shubham Sharma. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Haogang Li, Yanbin Zhang, and Changhe Li, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Changhe Li.

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Li, H., Zhang, Y., Li, C. et al. Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 120, 1–27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x

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