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New teleostean fishes from the Jurassic of southern Germany and the systematic problems concerning the ‘pholidophoriforms’

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Zusamenfassung

Die neue GattungSiemensichthys aus dem Oberen Jura Süddeutschlands wird beschrieben. Sie umfaßt die zwei ArtenS. macrocephalus (Agassiz) (ursprünglich in die GattungPholidophorus gestellt) undS. siemensi n. sp., die einige wenige Synapomorphien gemeinsam haben (z. B. nur ein Supramaxillare, das den dorsalen Rand des Maxillare bedeckt). Beide Arten werden beschrieben und ihre phylogenetische Stellung analysiert. Die phylogenetischen Analysen von 27 Taxa und 141 Merkmalen zeigen, daßAnkylophorus aus dem Kimmeridgium von Cerin undSiemensichthys sowieEurycormus aus dem Solnhofener Plattenkalk Bayerns eine monophyletische Gruppe bilden. Diese neue ausgestorbene Gruppe (vorläufig alsSiemensichthys- Gruppe bezeichnet) ist die Schwestergruppe vonPholidophorus s. str. und weiter fortgeschrittener Teleosteer. Das Schwestergruppen-Verhältnis ist durch 8 Merkmale belegt (z. B. Besitz eines Supraoccipitales; das Supraoccipitale reicht vorwärts in das Dach der Oticalregion; Articulare verschmolzen mit Angulare und Retroarticulare; Besitz eines verlängerten posteroventralen Fortsatzes des Quadratum; Besitz von dorsalen Fortsätzen an der Basis der innersten caudalen Flossenstrahlen des oberen Schwanzlobus; bewegliches Prämaxillare). Vergleiche mit Arten vonPholidophorus s. str. eröffnen ein neues Verständnis der GattungPholidophorus. Mindestens vier Synapomorphien werden aufgezeigt, die die Monophylie vonPholidophorus unterstützen. Daraus folgt, daß europäische spätjurassische Arten, die früher zu den Pholidophoridae und zur GattungPholidophorus (z. B. ‘Ph.’armatus, ‘Ph.’ falcifer, ‘Ph.’ micronyx, ‘Ph.’ microps) gestellt wurden, neu untersucht werden müssen, denn sie gehören weder in die Familie noch in die Gattung. Die Ordnung PholidophoriformesBerg ist keine monophyletische Gruppe. Die sogenannten ‘Pholidophoriformes’ bedürfen einer Revision.

Abstract

A new genus,Siemensichthys, from the Upper Jurassic of southern Germany is described. The new genus includes two species,S. macrocephalus (Agassiz) which was formerly in the genusPholidophorus, andS. siemensi n. sp. The two species share synapomorphies such as only one supramaxillary bone covering the dorsal margin of the maxilla. Both species are described, and their phylogenetic position is analyzed. The phylogenetic analyses, based on 27 taxa and 141 characters, show thatAnkylophorus from the Kimmeridgian of Cerin,Siemensichthys andEurycormus from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone of Bavaria, form a monophyletic group. The new extinct clade (preliminarily identified as theSiemensichthys- group) is proposed as the sister-group ofPholidophorus s. str. plus more advanced teleosts. This sister-group relationship is supported by eight characters (e.g., supraoccipital bone extending forward in the roof of the otic region; articular bone fused with both the angular and retroarticular; presence of an elongated posteroventral process of quadrate; presence of dorsal processes at the base of the innermost caudal rays of upper lobe; mobile premaxillary bone). Comparisons with species ofPholidophorus s. str. provide a new understanding of the genusPholidophorus. At least four synapomorphies are proposed to support the monophyly ofPholidophorus. As a consequence of this new interpretation, the European Late Jurassic species previously assigned to the Pholidophoridae and to the genusPholidophorus (e.g., ‘Ph.’armatus, ‘Ph.’ falcifer, ‘Ph.’ micronyx, ‘Ph.’ microps) should be reexamined because they do not belong to the family nor to the genus. The order PholidophoriformesBerg is not a monophyletic group as currently constructed. Therefore, all so-called pholidophoriforms are in need of revision.

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    Gloria Arratia

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Arratia, G. New teleostean fishes from the Jurassic of southern Germany and the systematic problems concerning the ‘pholidophoriforms’. Paläont. Z. 74, 113–143 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987957

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