Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Protection of intraspecific biodiversity of exploited fishes

  • Papers
  • Published:
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achieng, A.P. (1990) The impact of the introduction of Nile perch,Lates niloticus (L.) on the fisheries of Lake Victoria.J. Fish Biol. 37 (Suppl. A), 17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. (1986) Genetic drift and the loss of alleles versus heterozygosity.Zoo Biol. 5, 181–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. (1988) Conservation biology of fishes.Conserv. Biol. 2, 145–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. (1991) Ecological and genetic effects of fish introductions: synthesis and recommendations.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 48, 178–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. and Leary, R.F. (1988) Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species, the cutthroat trout.Conserv. Biol. 2, 170–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. and Phelps, S.R. (1980) Loss of genetic variation in a hatchery stock of cutthroat trout.Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 109, 537–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. and Ryman, N. (1987) Genetic management of hatchery stocks. In Ryman, N. and Utter, F., edsPopulation Genetics and Fishery Management. Seattle and London: Washington Sea Grant Publications/Univ. Washington Press, pp. 141–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. and Utter, F.M. (1979) Population genetics.Fish Physiol. 8, 407–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F., Ryman, N. and Utter, F. (1987) Genetics and fishery management: past, present, and future. In Ryman, N. and Utter, F., eds.Population Genetics and Fishery Management. Seattle and London: Washington Sea Grant Publications/Univ. Washington Press, pp. 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, C. (1988) The conservation of fish by zoos and aquaria. In Dresser, B.L., Reece, R.W. and Maruska, E.J., edsProc. 5th World Conf. Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity, October 9–12, 1988, Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, pp. 9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, C. (1990) The ornamental fish trade and fish conservation.J. Fish Biol. 37 (Suppl. A), 53–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1991) Endangered marine finfish: a useful concept? Report from the Marine Fisheries Section and Endangered Species Committee.Fisheries 16, 23–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonovics, J. (1990) Genetically based measures of uniqueness. In Orians, G.H., Brown, G.M.J., Kunin, W.E. and Swierzbinski, J.E., eds.The Preservation and Valuation of Biological Resources. Seattle and London: Univ. Washington Press, pp. 94–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, I. (1989) Introduced animals and extinction. In Western, D. and Pearl, M.C., eds.Conservation for the Twenty-first Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 54–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avise, J.C. (1994)Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. New York and London: Chapman & Hall. 511 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, J.M. (1983) Impact of oil pollution on living resources.Environmentalist 3 (Suppl. 4), 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltz, D.M. (1991) Introduced fishes in marine systems and inland seas.Biol. Conserv. 56, 151–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beverton, R.H.J. (1990) Small marine pelagic fish and the threat of fishing; are they endangered?J. Fish Biol. 37 (Suppl. A), 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouha, P. (1994) Population growth: thereal problem.Fisheries 19, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campton, D.E. (1987) Natural hybridization and introgression in fishes. In Ryman, N. and Utter, F., eds.Population Genetics and Fishery Management. Seattle and London: Washington Sea Grant Publications/Univ. Washington Press, pp. 161–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campton, D.E. (1990) Application of biochemical and molecular genetic markers to analysis of hybridization. In Whitmore, D.H., ed.Electrophoretic and Isoelectric Focusing Techniques in Fisheries Management. Ann Arbor: CRC Press, pp. 241–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, G.R. (1993) Evolutionary aspects of fish distribution: genetic variability and adaptation.J. Fish Biol. 43 (Suppl. A), 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, G.R. and Pitcher, T.J. (eds) (1994)Molecular Genetics in Fisheries. London: Chapman & Hall. 131 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesser, R.K., Smith, M.H. and Brisbin, I.L. jun. (1980) Management and maintenance of genetic variability in endangered species.Int. Zoo Yb. 20, 146–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crossman, E.J. (1991) Introduced freshwater fishes: a review of the North American perspective with emphasis on Canada.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 48, 46–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, J.F. and Kimura, M. (1970)An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory. New York, NY: Harper and Row. 591 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Echelle, A.F., Echelle, A.A. and Edds, D.R. (1989) Conservation genetics of a spring-dwelling desert fish, the Pecos Gambusia (Gambusia nobilis, Poeciliidae).Conserv. Biol. 3, 159–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egidius, E., Hansen, L.P., Jonsson, B. and Nævdal, G. (1991) Mutual impact of wild and cultured Atlantic salmon in Norway.J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 47, 404–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elvira, B. (1990) Iberian endemic freshwater fishes and their conservation status in Spain.J. Fish Biol. 37 (Suppl. A), 231–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1993) Report of the Expert Consultation on Utilization and Conservation of Aquatic Genetic Resources. Grottaferrata, Italy, 9–13 November, 1992.FAO Fish. Rep. No. 491. 58 pp.

  • FAO/UNEP (Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, and United Nations Environmental Program) (1981) Conservation of the genetic resources of fish: problems and recommendations. Report of the Expert Consultation of the Genetic Resources of Fish, Rome, 9–13 June 1980.FAO Fish. tech. Pap. No. 217. 43 pp.

  • Ferguson, M. (1994) The role of molecular genetic markers in the management of cultured fishes.Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 4, 351–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernando, C.H. (1991) Impacts of fish introductions in tropical Asia and America.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 48, 24–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, P.L. and Jain, S.K. (eds) (1992)Conservation Biology. The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Management. New York and London: Chapman & Hall. 507 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, O.H. and Soulé, M.E. (1981)Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 327 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, I.R. (1980) Evolutionary change in small populations. In Soulé, M.E. and Wilcox, B.A., eds.Conservation Biology. An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 135–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuerst, P.A. and Maruyama, T. (1986) Considerations on the conservation of alleles and of genic heterozygosity in small managed populations.Zoo Biol. 5, 171–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Marin, J.L., Vila, A. and Pla, C. (1990) Genetic variation in the Iberian toothcarp,Aphanius iberus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).J. Fish Biol. 37 (Suppl. A), 233–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilpin, M.E. and Soulé, M. (1986) Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction. In Soulé, M.E., ed.Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 19–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, W.S. (1984) Biochemical population genetics of Atlantic herring,Clupea harengus.Copeia,2, 357–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grassle, J.F. (1989) Species diversity in deep-sea communities.Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groombridge, B. (ed.) (1993)1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. 286 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyomard, R. (1989) Diversité génétique de la truite commune.Bull. fr. Pêche Piscic. 314, 118–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedgecock, D., Chow, V. and Waples, R.S. (1992) Effective population numbers of shellfish broodstocks estimated from temporal variance in allelic frequenices.Aquaculture 108, 215–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedgecock, D., Siri, P. and Strong, D.R. (eds) (1994)Endangered Pacific Salmonids. Special Section ofConserv. Biol. 8, pp. 863–94.

  • Henriksen, A., Lien, L., Rosseland, B.O., Traaen, T.S. and Sevaldrud, I.S. (1989) Lake acidification in Norway: present and predicted fish status.Ambio 18, 314–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesthagen, T. and Hansen, L.P. (1991) Estimates of the annual loss of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., in Norway due to acidification.Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 22, 85–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindar, K., Ryman, N. and Utter, F. (1991a) Genetic effects of aquaculture on natural fish populations.Aquaculture 98, 259–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindar, K., Ryman, N. and Utter, F. (1991b) Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 48, 945–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holcik, J. (1991) Fish introductions in Europe with particular reference to its central and eastern part.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 48, 13–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbs, C.L. (1955) Hybridization between fish species in nature.Syst. Zool. 4, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, J.D., Brown, E.H., Helle, J.H., Ryman, N. and Webster, D.A. (1981) Guidelines for the culture of fish stocks for resource management.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 38, 1867–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, B.O. and Jensen, A.J. (1991) TheGyrodactylus story in Norway.Aquaculture 98, 289–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S.R. (1994) Endangered Species Act battles.Fisheries 19, 22–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jörstad, K.E., King, D.P.F. and Nævdal, G. (1991) Population structure of Atlantic herring,Clupea harengus L.J. Fish Biol. 39 (Suppl. A), 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L. (1988a) Marine biodiversity: the sleeping dragon.Conserv. Biol. 2, 307–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L. (1988b) Challenges to fish faunal conservation programs as illustrated by the captive biology of Lake Victoria cichlids. In Dresser, B.L., Reece, R.W. and Maruska, E.J., eds.Proc. 5th World Conf. Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity, October 9–12, 1988, Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, pp. 105–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L. (1993) The challenge of the world's great lakes.Conserv. Biol. 7, 447–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L. and Cohen, A.S. (1993) The Great Lakes of Africa.Conserv. Biol. 7, 632–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lande, R. and Barrowclough, G.F. (1987) Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management. In Soulé, M.E., ed.Viable Populations for Conservation, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 87–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, P.A. (1981) A perspective on population genetics and salmon management.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 38, 1469–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, R.F., Allendorf, F.W. and Knudsen, K.L. (1985) Developmental instability as an indicator of reduced genetic variation in hatchery trout.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114, 230–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, R.F., Allendorf, F.W. and Forbes, S.H. (1993) Conservation genetics and bull trout in the Columbia and Klamath River drainages.Conserv. Biol. 7, 856–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, K.H. (1976) Science for Canada's fisheries rehabilitation needs.J. Fish. Res. B Can. 33, 1822–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loudenslager, E.J., Rinne, J.N., Gall, G.A.E. and David, R.E. (1986) Biochemical genetic studies of native Arizona and New Mexico trout.S'West. Nat. 31, 221–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1990) Summary address: rare fish, problems, progress and prospects for conservation.J. Fish Biol. 37 (Suppl. A), 263–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mace, G.M. (1993) The status of proposals to redefine the IUCN threatened species categories. In Groombridge, B., ed.1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, pp. XLVIII-LIII.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mace, G.M. and Lande, R. (1991) Assessing extinction threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories.Conserv. Biol. 5, 148–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Reid, W.V., Mittermeier, R.A. and Werner, T.B. (1990)Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. Washington, DC: IUCN; Gland, Switzerland: WRI, CI, WWF-US and the World Bank. 193 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maitland, P.S. and Evans, D. (1986) The role of captive breeding in the conservation of fish species.Int. Zoo Yb. 24/25, 66–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzi, J.J. (1989) Aquaculture research priorities for the 1990s.World Aquacult. 20, 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama, T. and Fuerst, P.A. (1984) Population bottlenecks and nonequilibrium models in population genetics. I. Allele numbers when populations evolve from zero variability.Genetics 108, 745–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyamam, T. and Fuerst, P.A. (1985) Population bottlenecks and nonequilibrium models in population genetics. II. Number of alleles in a small population that was formed by a recent bottleneck.Genetics 111, 675–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, R.M. (1988) How many species are there on earth?Science 241, 1441–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meffe, G. (1986) Conservation genetics and the management of endangered fishes.Fisheries 11, 14–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meffe, G.K. (1990) Genetic approaches to conservation of rare fishes: examples from North American desert species.J. Fish Biol. 37 (Suppl. A), 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meffe, G.K. and Carroll, C.R. (1994)Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meffe, G.K. and Vrijenhoek, R.C. (1988) Conservation genetics in the management of desert fishes.Conserv. Biol. 2, 157–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meffe, G.K., Ehrlich, A.H. and Ehrenfeld, D. (1993) Human population control: the missing agenda.Conserv. Biol. 7, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micklin, P.P. (1988) Desiccation of the Aral Sea: a water management disaster in the Soviet Union.Science 241, 1170–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F.F., Williams, J.D. and Williams, J.E. (1989) Extinction of North American fishes during the last century.Fisheries 14, 22–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mork, J., Ryman, N., Ståhl, G., Utter, F. and Sundnes, G. (1985) Genetic variation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) throughout its range.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 42, 1580–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyle, P.B. (1986) Fish introductions in North America: patterns and ecological impact. In Mooney, H.A. and Drake, J.A., eds.Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 27–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyle, P.B. and Leidy, R.A. (1992) Loss of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems: evidence from fish faunas. In Fiedler, P.L. and Jain, S.K., edsConservation Biology. The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation and Management. New York and London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 127–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, C.E. and Kensler, C.B. (1990) A global overview of aquaculture production in 1987.World Aquacult. 21, 104–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehlsen, W., Williams, J.E. and Lichatowich, J.A. (1991) Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington.Fisheries 16, 4–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nei, M. (1987)Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press. 512 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nei, M., Maruyama, T. and Chakraborty, R. (1975) The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations.Evolution 29, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K. and Soulé, M. (1987) Genetical conservation of exploited fishes. In Ryman, N. and Utter, F., eds.Population Genetics and Fishery Management. Seattle and London: Washington Sea Grant Publications/Univ. Washington Press, pp. 345–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • NINA (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research) (ed.) (1990)Maintenance of genetic resources and ecosystems in sustainable development. Recommendations by the International Conference on Conservation of Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development, Röros, Norway, September 10–14, 1990. Trondheim, Norway: NINA. 20 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • NPPC (Northwest Power Plant Council) (1987)Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program. Portland: NPPC. 140 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians, G.H., Brown, G.M.J., Kunin, W.E. and Swierzbinski, J.E. (eds) (1990)The Preservation and Valuation of Biological Resources. Seattle and London: Univ. Washington Press. 301 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pella, J.J. and Milner, G.B. (1987) Use of genetic marks in stock composition analysis. In Ryman, N. and Utter, F., eds.Population Genetics and Fishery Management. Seattle and London: Washington Sea Grant Publications/Univ. Washington Press, pp. 247–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philipp, D.P. (1991) Genetic implications of introducing Florida largemouth bass,Micropterus salmonides floridanus. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 48, 58–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philipp, D.P., Childers, W.F. and Whitt, G.S. (1983) A biochemical genetic evaluation of the northern and Florida subspecies of largemouth bass.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quattro, J.M. and Vrijenhoek, R.C. (1989) Fitness differences among remnant populations of the endangered Sonoran topminnow.Science 245, 976–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, G.C. (1988) Ecological diversity in coastal zones and oceans. In Wilson, E.O. and Peter, F.M., eds.Biodiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 36–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, W.E. (1981) Changes in the average size and average age of Pacific salmon.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 38, 1636–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, W.E. (1982) Size and age of British Columbia sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to environmental factors and the fishery.Can. tech. Rep. Fish. aquat. Sci. No. 1115, 117 pp.

  • Riggs, L. (1990) Principles for genetic conservation and production quality. Report for the Northwest Power Planning Council (NNNP), Portland, OR, USA (Contract No. C90-005). 20 pp. plus appendices.

  • Ros, T. (1981) Salmonids in the Lake Vänern area. In Ryman, N., ed.Fish Gene Pools (Ecological Bulletins, 34). Stockholm: Editorial Service, FRN, pp. 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. (ed.) (1981)Fish Gene Pools (Ecological Bulletins, 34). Stockholm: Editorial Service, FRN. 111 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. (1983) Patterns of distribution of biochemical genetic variation in salmonids: differences between species.Aquaculture 33, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. (1991) Conservation genetics considerations in fishery management.J. Fish Biol. 39 (Suppl. A), 211–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. (1994) Supportive breeding and effective population size: differences between inbreeding and variance effective numbers.Conserv. Biol. 8, 888–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. and Laikre, L. (1991) Effects of supportive breeding on the genetically effective population size.Conserv. Biol. 5, 325–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. and Ståhl, G. (1980) Genetic changes in hatchery stocks of brown trout (Salmo trutta).Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 37, 82–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. and Ståhl, G. (1981) Genetic perspectives of the identification and conservation of Scandinavian stocks of fish.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 38, 1562–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. and Utter, F. (eds) (1987)Population Genetics and Fishery Management. Seattle and London: Washington Sea Grant Publications/Univ. Washington Press. 420 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N., Lagercrantz, U., Andersson, L., Chakraborty, R. and Rosenberg, R. (1984) Lack of correspondence between genetic and morphologic variability patterns in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus).Heredity 53, 687–704.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N., Utter, F. and Laikre, L. (1994) Protection of aquatic biodiversity. Keynote address for session on Protection of Biotic Diversity. In Voigtlander, C.W., ed.The State of the World's Fisheries Resources. Proc. World Fisheries Congress, Athens, Greece, May 3–8, 1992. New Dehli: Oxford & IBH, pp. 92–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N., Jorde, P.E. and Laikre, L. Supportive breeding and variance effective population size.Conserv. Biol. (in press).

  • Ryman, N., Utter, F. and Hindar, K. (1995) Introgression, supportive breeding, and genetic conservation. In Ballou, J.D., Foose, T. and Gilpin, M. eds.Population Management for Survival and Recovery. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press, pp. 341–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safina, C. (1993) Bluefin tuna in the west Atlantic: negligent management and the making of an endangered species.Conserv. Biol. 7, 229–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonewald-Cox, C.M. and Bayless, J.W. (1983) Questions posed by managers. In Schonewald-Cox, C.M., Chambers, S.M., MacBryde, B. and Thomas, W.L., eds.Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant Populations. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 485–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonewald-Cox, C.M., Chambers, S.M., MacBryde, B. and Thomas, W.L. (eds) (1983)Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant Populations. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. 722 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, F.J. (1972) World literature to fish hybrids, with an analysis by family, species, and hybrid. Publs Gulf Coast Res. Lab. Mus., Ocean Springs, MS, USA, No. 3. 328 pp.

  • Schwartz, F.J. (1981) World literature to fish hybrids, with an analysis by family, species, and hybrid: Supplement I. Washington, DC: US Dept. Commerce,NOAA tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-750. 507 pp.

  • Shaklee, J.B. (1983) The utilization of isozymes as gene markers in fisheries management and conservation. In Ratazzi, C.M., Scandalios, J.G. and Whitt, G.S., eds.Isozymes: Current Topics in Biological and Medical Research, Vol. 11.Medical and Other Applications. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 213–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D. and Cox, J. (1987) Consequences and costs of conservation corridors.Conserv. Biol. 1, 63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.J., Francis, R.I.C.C. and McVeagh, M. (1991) Loss of genetic diversity due to fishing pressure.Fish. Res. 10, 309–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M.E. (1980) Thresholds for survival: maintaining fitness and evolutionary potential. In Soulé, M.E. and Wilcox, B.A., eds.Conservation Biology. An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 151–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M.E. (ed.) (1986)Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. 584 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M.E. (ed.) (1987)Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 189 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M.E. and Simberloff, D. (1986) What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves?Biol. Conserv. 35, 19–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M.E. and Wilcox, B.A. (eds) (1980)Conservation Biology. An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. 395 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ståhl, G. (1983) Differences in the amount and distribution of genetic variation between natural populations and hatchery stocks of Atlantic salmon.Aquaculture 33, 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ståhl, G. and Hindar, K. (1988) Genetisk struktur hos norsk laks: status og perspektiver. Rapport fra fiskeforskningen. Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning. No. 1, 1988. 57 pp. (in Norwegian).

  • Stephenson, R.L. and Kornfield, I. (1990) Reappearance of spawning herring on Georges Bank: population resurgence not recolonisation.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 47, 1060–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, H. and Johnson, J.E. (1981) A refuge for southwestern fish.New Mexcio Wildlife 26, 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E.B. (1991) A review of local adaptation in Salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon.Aquaculture 98, 185–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B.J. (1983) Genic variation and differentiation of remnant natural populations of the desert pupfish.Cyprinodon macularius. Evolution 37, 690–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utter, F.M. (1981) Biological criteria for definition of species and distinct intraspecific populations and salmonids under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 38, 1626–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, R.E. (1960) Some influences of domestication upon three stocks of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill).Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 89, 35–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrijenhoek, R.C., Douglas, M.E. and Meffe, G.K. (1985) Conservation genetics of endangered fish populations in Arizona.Science 229, 400–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waples, R.S. (1987) A multispecies approach to the analysis of gene flow in marine shore fishes.Evolution 41, 385–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waples, R.S. (1991a) Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: lessons from the Pacific Northwest.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 48 (Suppl. 1), 124–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waples, R.S. (1991b) Pacific salmon and the definition of “species” under the Endangered Species Act.Mar. Fish. Rev. 53, 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waples, R.S. and Do, C. (1994) Genetic risk associated with supplementation of Pacific salmonids: captive broodstock programs.Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 51 (Suppl. 1), 310–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, R.D., Woodwark, M. and Skibinski, D.O.F. (1994) A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater, and anadromous fishes.J. Fish Biol. 44, 213–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welcomme, R.L. (1986) International measures for the control of introductions of aquatic organisms.Fisheries 11, 4–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welcomme, R.L. (1988) International introductions of inland aquatic species.FAO Fish. tech. Pap. 294, 318 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western, D. and Pearl, M.C. (eds) (1989)Conservation for the Twenty-first Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 365 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikramanayake, E.D. (1990) Conservation of endemic rain forest fish of Sri Lanka: results of a translocation experiment.Conserv. Biol. 4, 32–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C.D. (1994) Aquatic resources and the Endangered Species Act.Fisheries 19, 19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E.O. and Peter, F.M. (eds) (1988)Biodiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 521 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S. (1981) Contemporary Pacific salmon fisheries management.N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 1, 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

    Nils Ryman & Linda Laikre

  2. School of Fisheries, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA

    Fred Utter

Authors
  1. Nils Ryman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fred Utter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Linda Laikre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ryman, N., Utter, F. & Laikre, L. Protection of intraspecific biodiversity of exploited fishes. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 5, 417–446 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01103814

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01103814

Keywords

Search

Navigation