Skip to main content
Log in

Sexual reproduction, development and larval biology in scleractinian corals

A review

  • Published:
Coral Reefs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper brings together widely scattered information on sexual reproduction in scleractinian corals. It includes a review of information and ideas on sex determination, gametogenesis, gametogenic cycles, fertilization and embryonic development, spawning and planula release, larval behavior, settlement and metamorphosis. The review deals with corals from different habitats and organismic assemblages, including tropical reef corals, temperate water corals, solitary and colonial forms. A summary table of coral species and their known reproductive characteristics is presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abe N (1937) Postlarval development of the coral Fungia actiniformis var. palawensis Doderlein. Palao Trop Biol Stat Stud 1:73–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe N (1939) Ecological studies on Rhizopsammia minuta var. mutsuensis Yabe and Eguchi. Jubilee Publ Prof H Yabe 60th Birthday 1:175–187 (English summary from Wells 1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Atoda K (1947 a) The larva and postlarval development of some reefbuilding corals. I. Pocillopora damicornis caespitosa (Dana). Sci Rep Tohoku Univ (Ser 4) 18:24–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Atoda K (1947 b) The larva and postlarval development of some reefbuilding corals. II. Stylophora pistillata (Esper). Sci Rep Tohoku Univ (Ser 4) 18:48–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Atoda K (1951 a) The larva and postlarval development of some reef-building corals. III. Acropora brueggemanni (Brook). J Morphol 89:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Atoda K (1951 b) The larva and postlarval development of some reef-building corals. IV. Galaxea aspera Quelch. J Morphol 89:17–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Atoda K (1951 c) The larva and postlarval development of some reef-building corals. V. Seriatopora hystrix Dana. Sci Rep Tohoku Univ (Ser 4) 19:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkeland C (1977) The importance of rate of biomass accumulation in early successional stages of benthic communities to the survival of coral recruits. Proc. 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp 1:15–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Black R, Johnson MS (1979) Asexual viviparity and population genetics of Actinia teneberosa. Mar Biol 53:27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschma H (1929) On the postlarval development of the coral Maeandra areolata (L.). Pap Tortugas Lab 26:129–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothwell A (1981) Fragmentation, a means of asexual reproduction and dispersal in the genus Acrospora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniida: Acroporidae)—a preliminary report. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 2:137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourne GC (1888) On the anatomy of Mussa and Euphyllia and the morphology of the madreporarian skeleton. Q J Microsc Sci 28:21–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RD (1974) Cnidaria. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 1: Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 133–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Chia F-S (1972) Note on the assimilation of glucose and glycine from seawater by the embryos of a sea anemone Actinia equina. Can J Zool 50:1333–1334

    Google Scholar 

  • Chia F-S (1976) Sea anemone reproduction: patterns and adaptive radiations. In: Mackie GO (ed) Coelenterate ecology and behavior. Plenum Press, New York, pp 261–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Chia F-S, Bickell LR (1978) Mechanisms of larval attachment and the induction of settlement and metamorphosis in coelenterates: a review. In: Chia F-S, Rice M (eds) Settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell JH (1973) Population ecology of reef corals. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, vol 2, Biol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 205–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Delvoye L (1982) Aspects of sexual reproduction in some Caribbean Scleractinia. Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Curacao, Netherland Antilles

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle RW (1975) Settlement of planktonic larvae: a theory of habitat selection in varying environments. Am Nat 109:113–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Duerden JE (1902) West Indian madreporarian polyps. Mem Nat Acad Sci 8:401–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Duerden JE (1994) The coral Siderastrea radians and its postlarval development. Publ Carnegie Inst Wash 20:1–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmondson CH (1929) Growth of Hawaiian corals. Bernice P Bishop Mus Bull 58:1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmondson CH (1946) Behavior of coral planulae under altered saline and thermal conditions. Bernice P Bishop Mus Occ Pap 18:283–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadlallah YH (1981) The reproductive biology of three species of corals from central California. PhD thesis, University of California Santa Cruz

  • Fadlallah YH (1982) Reproductive ecology of the coral Astrangia lajollaensis in a kelp forest habitat. Oecologia 55:379–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadlallah YH (1983) Population dynamics and life history of a solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans, from central California. Oecologia 58:200–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadlallah YH, Pearse JS (1982a) Sexual reproduction in solitary corals: overlapping oogenic and brooding cycle, and benthic planulas in Balanophyllia elegans. Mar Biol 71:223–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadlallah YH, Pearse JS (1982 b) Sexual reproduction in solitary corals, synchronous gametogenesis and broadcast spawning in Paracyathus stearnsii. Mar Biol 71:233–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler GH (1885) The anatomy of the Madreporaria I. Q J Microsc Sci 25:577–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler GH (1888 a) The anatomy of the Madreporaria: III. Q J Microsc Sci 28:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler GH (1888 b) The anatomy of the Madreporaria: IV. Q J Microsc Sci 28:414–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler GH (1890) The anatomy of the Madreporaria: V. Q J Microsc Sci 30:405–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner JS (1900) On the anatomy of a supposed new species of Coenopsammia from Lifu (1899). Willey's Zool Results 4:357–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner JS (1902) Some notes on variation and protandry in Flabellum and senescence in some other corals. Proc Cambridge Philos Soc Biol Sci 11:463–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Gashout SE, Ormond RFG (1979) Evidence for parthenogenetic reproduction in the sea anemone Actinia equina. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 59:975–987

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerrodette T (1981) Dispersal of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans by demersal planular larvae. Ecology 62:611–619

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselin MT (1974) The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. Univ Calif Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Giese AC, Pearse JS (1974) Introduction. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol I: Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau NI, Hayes RL (1977) Nucleation catalysis in coral skeletogenesis. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:439–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau NI, Goreau TJ, Hayes R (1981) Settling, survivorship and spatial aggregation in planulae and juveniles of the coral Porites porites (Pallas). Bull Mar Sci 31:424–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Brigg RW, Wells JM, Wallace C (1981) Acropora in Hawaii, part 1: History of the scientific record, systematics, and ecology. Pac Sci 35:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Hada Y (1932) A note of earlier stage of colony formation with the coral Pocillopora caespitosa. Sci Rep Tohoku Imp Univ (Ser 4) 6:425–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargitt C (1914) The Anthozoa of the Woods Hole region. Bull Bur Fish 32:225–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrigan JF (1972) The planula larva of Pocillopora damicornis. Lunar periodicity of swarming and substratum selection behavior. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii

  • Hayes RL, Goreau NI (1977 a) The morphology of spermatozoa from a scleractinian hexacoral. Anat Rec 187:600–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RL, Goreau NI (1977 b) Cytodynamics of coral calcification. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:433–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Highsmith RC (1980) Burrowing by the bivalve mollusc Lithophaga curta in the living coral Montipora beryi and a hypothesis of reciprocal larval recruitment. Mar Biol 56:155–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiscock K, Howlett RM (1977) The ecology of Caryophyllia smithi Stokes and Broderip on south western coasts of the British Isles. In: Drew EA, Lythgoe JN, Woods JD (eds) Underwater research. Academic Press, New York, pp 319–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyman LB (1940) The invertebrates. Protozoa through Ctenophora, vol 1. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokiel PL, Guinther EB (1978) Effects of temperature on reproduction in the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis. Bull Mar Sci 28:786–789

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokiel PL, York RH (1982) Solar ultraviolet photobiology of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis and symbiotic zooxanthellae. Bull Mar Sci 32:301–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguti S (1940) Investigations on reef corals (1). Kagako Nany 2:29–39 (in Japanese) (cited after Stimson 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguti S (1941) On the physiology of reef corals. V. Tropisms of coral planulae considered as a factor of distribution on the reef. Palao Trop Biol Stat Stud 2:319–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinchington D (1981) Organic-matrix synthesis by scleractinian coral larval and post-larval stages during skeletogenesis. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 2:107–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch G von (1882) Über die Entwicklung des Kalkskeletes von Asteroides calycularis und dessen morphologische Bedeutung. Mitt Zool Staz Neapel 3:284–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch G von (1897) Entwicklung von Caryophyllia cyathus. Mitt Zool Staz Neapel 12:755–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojis BL, Quinn NJ (1980) Mode and timing of sexual reproduction in some members of the hermatypic coral family Faviidae. Am Zool 20:819

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojis BL, Quinn NJ (1981 a) Aspects of sexual reproduction and larval development in the shallow water hermatypic coral Goniastrea australensis (Edwards and Haime 1857). Bull Mar Sci 31:558–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojis BL, Quinn NJ (1981 b) Reproductive strategies in four species of Porites (Scleractinia). Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 2:145–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojis BL, Quinn NJ (1982) Reproductive ecology of two Faviid corals (Coelenterata: Scleractinia). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 8:251–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumé M, Dan K (1968) Invertebrate embryology. NOLIT, Belgrade (TT 67-5805 D, Clearing House for Fed Sci and Tech Info, Springfield, VA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacaze-Duthiers H de (1873) Développment des coralliaires. Actinaires à Polypiers. Arch Zool Exp Gén 2:269–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacaze-Duthiers H de (1897) Faune du Golfe du Lion. Coralliaires zoanthaires sclerodermes. Arch Zool Exp Gén (Ser 3) 5:I-249

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkman AU (1980) Ultrastructural aspects of gametogenesis in Actinia equina L. In: Tardent P, Tardent R (eds) Developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. Elsevier, New York, pp 61–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkman AU (1981) An ultrastructural investigation of the early stages of oocyte differentiation in Actinia fragacea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Int J Invert Reprod 4:147–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JB (1974) The settlement behavior of the planulae larvae of the hermatypic coral Favia fragum (Esper). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 15:165–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y (1976 a) The Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata is an r strategist. Nature (London) 259:478–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y (1976 b) Settlement, mortality and recruitment of a Red Sea scleractinian coral population. In: Mackie GO (ed) Coelenterate ecology and behavior. Plenum Press, New York, pp 89–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1980) Effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 3:167–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyke EB, Robson EA (1975) Spermatogenesis in Anthozoa: differentiation of the spermatid. Cell Tissue Res 157:185–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM (1973) Collar cells in the planula and adult tentacle ectoderm of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia (Anthozoa, Eupsammiidae). Z Zellforsch 145:57–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall SM, Stephenson TA (1933) The breeding of reef animals. I. The corals. Great Barrier Reef Exped 1928–29, Sci Rep 3:219–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavor JW (1915) On the development of the coral Agaricia fragilis Dana. Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 51:485–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergner H (1971) Cnidaria. In: Reverberi G (ed) Experimental embryology of marine and fresh-water invertebrates. Elsevier/North Holland, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorsel GWNM van (1981) Planulation and settlement of the stony coral Agaricia agaricites. Proc Assoc Is Mar Labs Carib 15:9 (Abstr)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorsel GWNM van (1981) Different reproductive strategies in two closely related stony corals (Agaricia, Scleractinia). Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 2:193 (Abstr)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley HN (1881) On the deep sea Madreporaria. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challanger (1873–1876). Zoology 2:127–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller WA, Wieker F, Eiben R (1976) Larval adhesion, releasing stimuli and metamorphosis. In: Mackie GO (ed) Coelenterate ecology and behavior. Plenum Press, New York, pp 339–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Policansky D (1982) Sex change in plants and animals. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:471–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt EM (1900) Anatomy of Neohelia porcellana (Moseley). Willey's Zool Results 5:591–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed SA (1971) Techniques for raising the planula larvae and newly settled polyps of Pocillopora damicornis. In: Lenhoff HM, Muscatine L, Davis LV (eds) Experimental coelenterate biology. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond R (1981) Energetic considerations in the dispersal of Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) planulae. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp 2:153–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1979 a) The reproduction of the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata. I. Gonads and planulae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1:133–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1979 b) The reproduction of the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata. II. Synchronization in breeding and seasonality of planula shedding. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1:145–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Sammarco PW (1982) Polyp bail-out: an escape response to environmental stress and a new means of reproduction in corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 10:57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H, Holtken B (1980 a) The anthozoan egg: trophic mechanisms and oocyte surface. In: Tardent P, Tardent R (eds) Developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H, Holtken B (1980 b) The anthozoan egg: differentiation of the internal oocyte structure. In: Tardent P, Tardent R (eds) Developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H, Holtken B (1980 c) Peculiarities of spermatogenesis and sperm in anthozoa. In: Tardent P, Tardent R (eds) Developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 53–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens GC (1962) Uptake of organic material by aquatic invertebrates. I. Uptake of glucose by the solitary coral Fungia scutaria. Biol Bull 123:648–660

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens GC, Schinske RA (1975) Uptake of amino acids from scawater by ciliary-mucoid filter feeding animals. Biol Bull 113:356–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson TA (1931) Development and the formation of colonies in Pocillopora and Porites. Part I. Sci Rep Great Barrier Reef Exped 3:113–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Stimson JS (1978) Mode and timing of reproduction in some common hermatypic corals from Hawaii and Enewetak. Mar Biol 48:173–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Szmant-Froelich A, Yevich P, Pilson MEQ (1980) Gametogenesis and early development of the temperate coral Astrangia danae (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Biol Bull 158:257–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Tranter PRG, Nicholson DN, Kinchington D (1982) A description of the spawning and post-gastrula development of the cool temperate coral Caryophyllia smithi (Stokes and Broderip). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 62:845–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeulen JH (1974) Studies on reef corals. II. Fine structure of planktonic planulae larvae of Pocillopora damicornis, with emphasis on the aboral epidermis. Mar Biol 27:239–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeuden JH (1975) Studies on reef corals. III. Fine structural changes of calicoblast cells in Pocillopora damicornis during settling and calcification. Mar Biol 31:69–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan TW (1908) Geology of Florida keys and marine bottom deposits and recent corals of southern Florida. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearb 7:131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan TW (1909) Geology of the keys, the marine bottom deposits, and recent corals of southern Florida. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearb 8:140–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan TW (1910) The recent madreporaria of southern Florida. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearb 9:135–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan TW (1914) Corals of the Bahamas and of southern Florida. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearb 13:222–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan TW, Wells JW (1943) Revision of the suborders, families and genera of the Scleractinia. Spec Pap Geol Soc Am 44:1–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN, Pichon M (1976) Scleractinia of Eastern Australia, part I: Families Thamnasteriidae, Astrocoeniidae, Pocilloporidae. Aust Inst Mar Sci Monogr Ser 1:1–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN, Pichon M (1979) Scleractinia of Eastern Australia, part III: Families Agariciidae, Siderastereidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophylliidae, Dendrophyllidac. Aust Inst Mar Sci Monogr Ser 4:1–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN, Pichon M, Wijsman-Best M (1977) Scleractinia of Eastern Australia, part 2: Families Faviidae, Trachyphylliidae. Aust Inst Mar Sci Monogr Ser 3:1–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells JW (1956) Scleractinia. In: Moore RC (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Geol Soc Am Univ Kans Press. New York, Part F, pp 328–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells JW (1973) New and old scleractinian corals from Jamaica. Bull Mar Sci 23:16–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson HV (1888) On the development of Manicina areolata. J Morphol 2:191–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamazato K, Oshiro M, Oshiro E (1975) Reproductive biology of a scleractinian coral, Goniopora queenslandiae decima. Proc 13th Pac Sci Congr 1:135 (Abstr)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonge CM (1932) A note on Balanophyllia regia, the only eupsammiid coral in the British fauna. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 28:219–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonge CM (1935) Studies on the biology of Tortugas corals I. Observations on Maeandra areolata Linn. Carnegie Inst Washington Publ 452:185–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonge CM (1940) The biology of reef building corals. Great Barrier Reef Expedition (1928–1929), Sci Rep 1:353–391

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fadlallah, Y.H. Sexual reproduction, development and larval biology in scleractinian corals. Coral Reefs 2, 129–150 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336720

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336720

Keywords

Navigation