All laboratory-made plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings (HACs) were found to undergo, to different degrees, changes in phase composition, crystallinity, morphology and roughness dependent on plasma spraying parameters (PSPs). The PSPs, which were systematically varied, included the plasma atmosphere, the spraying current and the stand-off distance. Through the determinations of the concentration of impurity phase (CIP) and the index of crystallinity (IOC), the extent of phase purity and the degree of crystallinity of HACs were quantitatively assessed, respectively. Coatings consisting of at least 50% (IOC>50%) of the original crystalline structure and almostly 95% (CIP<5%) apatite with barely detectable extra phases were obtained. The microstructure of HACs exhibited great deviations both in morphology from molten to partial molten state and in roughness from coating of high irregularity (R a=14.48μm) to a smoother (R a=4.46 μm) one, dominantly influenced by the spraying atmosphere. As the terms of CIP and IOC are defined and established, the biological responses related to phase purity and crystallinity of HACs can be further evaluated in vitro and in vivo.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.DeGroot, R.Geesink, C. P. A.Klein and P.Serekian, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 21 (1988) 1375.
J. E.Lemons, Clin. Orthop. 235 (1988) 220.
W. R. LACEFIELD, in “Bioceramics: material characteristics versus in vivo behavior”, edited by P. Ducheyne and J. E. Lemons, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 523 (1988) 72.
E.Munting, M.Verhelpen, F.Li and A.Vincent, in “CRC handbook of bioactive ceramics”, edited by T.Yamamuro, L. L.Hench and J.Wilson (CRC Press, Boca Raton, MA, 1990) pp. 143–148.
R. G. T.Geesink, K.DeGroot and P. A. K. T.Christel, Clin. Orthop. 225 (1987) 147.
R. G. T.Geesink, K.DeGroot and C. P. A. T.Klein, J. Bone Joint Surg. 70B (1988) 17.
H. W.Denissen, W.Kalk, H. M.deNieuport, J. C.Maltha and A.Van deHooff, Int. J. Prosth. 3 (1990) 53.
K.Hayashi, K.Uenoyama, N.Masuguchi and Y.Sugioka, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 25 (1991) 515.
D.Buser, R. K.Schenk, S.Steinemann, J. P.Fiorellini, C. H.Fox and H.Stich, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 25 (1991) 889.
J. A.Jansen, J. P. C. M.Van deWaerden, J. G. C.Wolke and K.DeGroot, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 25 (1991) 973.
M.Gottlander and T.Albrektsson, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Imp. 6 (1991) 339.
B. C.Wang, E.Chang, D.Tu and C. Y.Yang, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 4 (1993) 394.
S. D.Cook, K. A.Thomas, J. F.Kay and M.Jarcho, Clin. Orthop. 230 (1988) 303.
P.Ducheyne, J.Cuckler, S.Radin and E.Nazar, in “CRC handbook of bioactive ceramics,” edited by T.Yamamuro, L. L.Hench and J.Wilson (CRC Press, Boca Raton, MA, 1990) pp. 123–131.
P.Ducheyne and K. E.Healy, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 22 (1988) 1137.
R. G. T.Geesink, Clin. Orthop. 261 (1990) 39.
T. W.Bauer, R. G. T.Geesink, R.Zimmerman and J. T.Mcmahon, J. Bone Joint Surg. 73A (1991) 1439–1452.
J. F.Kay, in “CRC handbook of bioactive ceramics,” edited by T.Yamamuro, L. L.Hench and J.Wilson (CRC Press, Boca Raton, MA, 1990) pp. 111–122.
K.DeGroot, C. P. A. T.Klein, J. G. C.Wolke and J. M. A.DeBlieck-Hogervorst, in “CRC handbook of bioactive ceramics,” edited by T.Yamamuro, L. L.Hench and J.Wilson (CRC Press, Boca Raton, MA, 1990) pp. 133–142.
C. P. A. T.Klein, P.Patks, H. B. M.Van derLubbe, J. G. C.Wolke and K.DeGroot, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 25 (1991) 53.
B.Koch, J. G. C.Wolke and K.DeGroot, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 24 (1990) 655.
K. A. GROSS and C. C. BERNDT, in 2nd Plasma-Technik-Symposium, Lucerne, Switzerland, June 5th to 7th, 3 (1991) 159.
S. R.Radin and P.Ducheyne, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 3 (1992) 33.
D. M. LIU, Z. C. LOU and H. M. CHOU, 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in conjunction with the 25th International Biomaterials Symposium, April 28–May 2, 1993.
B. C.Wang, E.Chang, C. Y.Yang, D.Tu and C. H.Tsai, Surf. Coat. Technol. 58 (1993) 107.
M. J.Filiaggi, N. A.Coombs, R. M.Pilliar, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 25 (1991) 1211.
HuaxiaJI, C. B.Ponton, P. M.Marquis, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater Med. 3 (1992) 283–287.
HuaxiaJI, P. M.Marquis, Biomaterials 14 (1993) 64–68.
American Ceramic Society, “Phase diagrams for ceramicists”, Vol 5 American Ceramic Society, Washington, DC, 1983). p. 320.
K.deGroot, C. P. A. T.Klein, J. G. C.Wolke, and J. M. A.deBlieck-Hogervorst, in “CRC handbook of bioactive ceramics”, edited by T.Yamamuro, L. L.Hench and J.Wilson (CRC Press, Boca Raton, MA, 1990) pp. 3–16.
H. S.Ingham and A. P.Shephard (eds), “Flame spray handbook,” 1st Edn (METCO Inc., Long Island, New York, 1965) p. 11.
B. D.Cullity (ed.), “Elements of X-ray diffraction,” 2nd Edn (Addison-Wesley, New York, 1978) pp. 409–417.
E. P.Butler, Acta Metall. 18 (1970) 347.
P. C.Clapp and S. C.Moss, Phys. Rev. 171 (1971) 764.
S. G.Steinemann, J.Eulenberger, P. A.Mausli and A.Schroeder, in “Advances in biomaterials,” edited by P.Christel, A.Meunier and A. J. C.Lee, (Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 1986) pp. 409–414.
K.Shimazaki and V.Mooney, J. Orthop. Res. 3 (1985) 301.
P. S.Rggli, W.Muller and R. K.Schenk, Clin. Orthop. 232 (1988) 127.
L.Xie and E. A.Monroe, in “CRC handbook of bioactive ceramics,” edited by T.Yamamuro, L. L.Hench and J.Wilson (CRC Press, Boca Raton, MA, 1990) pp. 29–37.
C. Y.Yang, B. C.Wang, E.Chang and B. C.Wu, J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Med. 6 (1995) 258.
C. P. A. T.Klein, A. A.Driessen and K.DeGroot, Biomaterials 5 (1984) 157.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, C.Y., Wang, B.C., Chang, E. et al. The influences of plasma spraying parameters on the characteristics of hydroxyapatite coatings: a quantitative study. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 6, 249–257 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120267
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120267