Abstract
Amidst the growing interest in actual scientific activity, the process of discovery became a legitimate, sometimes even central topic in philosophies of science. It can be studied from psychological, historical, sociological and philosophical points of view, as well. Instead of emphasising its irrational or unconscious aspect, some philosophers tried to grasp it in rational terms. Among them, Pólya and Lakatos studied the classic problems of the,‘art of discovery,’ and elaborated their views with respect to the more general problems of knowledge and understanding. In this paper, I compare their approaches to mathematical heuristic.
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Notes
George Pólya: How to Solve It. A New Aspect of Mathematical Method. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1945. p. 102.
John E. Littlewood: The Mathematicians Art of Work. in: Mathematical Intelligencer,1 (1978) n. 21, p. 112–118.
This distinction came from Lakatos: “Changes in the Problem of Inductive Logic” (Philosophical Papers,Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978 p. 136), written in 1968. In the Proof’s and Refutation - first published in 1963–64 - Lakatos still did not refer to it.
Pólya: Induction and Analogy (Vol. 1 of Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning) Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1954, p. 7.
As with Lakatos in theProofs and Refutations. The Logic of Mathematical Discovery (John Worrall and Elie Zahar, eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
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© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Kiss, O. (2002). Mathematical Heuristic — Lakatos and Pólya. In: Kampis, G., Kvasz, L., Stöltzner, M. (eds) Appraising Lakatos. Vienna Circle Institute Library, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0769-5_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0769-5_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
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