Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) walls are commonly used as the primary lateral-force-resisting system for tall buildings, although for buildings over 49 m (160 ft), IBC 2006 requires use of a dual system. Use of nonlinear response history analysis (NRHA) coupled with peer-review has become a common way to assess the expected performance of tall buildings at various hazard levels to avoid the use of a backup Special Moment Frame for tall buildings employing structural walls. Modeling of the load versus deformation behavior of reinforced concrete walls and coupling beams is essential to accurately predict important response quantities for NRHA. It also has become important to assess the impact of the floor diaphragms, gravity framing system, and foundation system on the expected performance, as well as to compare the expected performance of code-compliant and performance-based designed buildings to assess the merits of using a performance-based design approach. Given this critical need, an overview of modeling approaches used for RC core wall systems is reviewed to assess the ability of common modeling approaches to accurately predict both global and local responses. Application of fragility relations within a performance-based framework is reviewed for selected components and analytical studies are used to address system level issues such as the impact of slab coupling on gravity column axial loads and higher mode impacts on wall moment and shear demands. Based on the results, recommendations for performance-based design are made and research needs are identified.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ACI 318-05 (2005) Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-05) and commentary (ACI 318R-05), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan
ACI 318-08 (expected 2008) Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-08) and commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan
Allen FH, Darvall P (1977) Lateral load equivalent frame. ACI J, Proc 74(7):294–299
Alsiwat J, Saatcioglu M (1992) Reinforcement anchorage slip under monotonic loading. J Struct Eng, ASCE 118(9):2421–2438
ASCE (2007) Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings (ASCE/SEI 41-06, Including Supplement #1), ASCE, Reston, VA
Cardenas AE, Hanson JM, Corley WG, Hognestad E (1973) Design provisions for shearwalls. ACI J, Proc 70(3):221–230 [PCA test]
Elwood KJ, Matamoros AB, Wallace JW, Lehman DE, Heintz JA, Mitchell AD, Moore MA, Valley MT, Lowes LN, Comartin CD, Moehle JP (2007) Update to ASCE/SEI 41 concrete provisions. Earthquake Spectra 23(3):493–523
Gogus A, Wallace JW (2010) ATC 76-4: Trial Application of Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls, ATC Project 76–4, Applied Technology Council (under review)
Hwang S, Moehle JP (2000) Models for laterally loaded slab-column freames. ACI Struct J 97(2):345–353
IBC: International Building Code (2006) IBC-2006, International Code Council
Kabeyasawa T, Hiraishi H (1998) Tests and analysis of high-strength reinforced concrete shear walls in Japan (ACI Special Publication, SP-176), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp 281–310
Kang THK, Wallace JW (2005) Dynamic responses of flat plate systems with shear reinforcement. ACI Struct J 102(5):763–773
Klemencic R, Fry JA, Hurtado G, Moehle, JP (2006) Performance of post-tensioned slab-core walls connections. PTI J 2:7–23
LATBSDC (2008) An Alternative Procedure for Seismic Analysis and design of Tall Buildings Located in the Los Angeles Region: A Consensus Document – 2008 Edition, Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council, April 2008, 32 pp
Los Angeles Building Code, §1635, 2002
Naish D, Fry JA, Klemencic R, Wallace JW (2009) Experimental evaluation and analytical modeling of ACI-318/05/08 reinforced concrete coupling beams subjected to reversed cyclic loading. Report SGEL 2009/06, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Aug 2009, 109 pp
Oesterle RG, Aristizabal-Ochoa JD, Shiu KN, Corley WG (1984) Web crushing of reinforced concrete structural walls. ACI J, Proc 81(3):231–241 [PCA test]
OpenSees—open system for earthquake engineering simulation. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA. http://opensees.berkeley.edu/OpenSees/developer.html
Orakcal K, Conte JP, Wallace JW (2004) Flexural modeling of reinforced concrete walls – model attributes. ACI Struct J 101(5):688–698
Orakcal K, Massone LM, Wallace JW (2009) Shear strength of lightly reinforced wall piers and spandrels. ACI Struct J 106(4):455–465
Orakcal K, Wallace JW (2006) Flexural modeling of reinforced concrete walls – model calibration. ACI Struct J 103(2):196–206
Perform V4 (2006) Computer and Structures Inc., Perform 3-D, Nonlinear analysis and performance assessment for 3D structures, Version 4, Aug 2006
Salas MC (2008) Modeling of tall reinforced concrete wall buildings. MSCE thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, May 2008, 84 pp
Stewart JP (2007) Input motions for buildings with embedment. Proceedings, Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council, Annual Meeting, May 2007
Thomsen JH IV, Wallace JW (1995) Displacement-based design of RC structural walls: experimental studies of walls with rectangular and T-shaped cross sections. Report CU/CEE-95/06, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY
Thomsen JH IV, Wallace JW (2004) Displacement-based design of slender rc structural walls – experimental verification. J Struct Eng, ASCE 130(4):618–630
Wallace JW (1998) Behavior and design of high-strength RC walls. ACI Struct J, SP-176, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp 259–279
Wallace JW (2007) Modeling issues for tall reinforced concrete core wall buildings. The structural design of tall and special buildings, vol 16. Wiley, New York, pp 615–632
Wood SL (1990) Shear strength of low-rise reinforced concrete walls. ACI Struct J 87(1):99–107
Acknowledgements
The work presented in this paper was supported by various sources, including the National Science Foundation, the Charles Pankow Foundation, the Applied technology Council (Projects ATC-58, -72, and -76), and the PEER Center Tall Buildings Initiative with support from the California Seismic Safety Commission. The results presented represent the work of numerous students in recent years, including: Dr. Leonardo Massone, now at the University of Chile, Dr. Kutay Orakcal, now at Bogazici University, Turkey, Marisol Salas, MSCE UCLA 2008, and David Naish and Aysegul Gogus, both currently Ph.D. students at UCLA. The author also has benefited from numerous interactions with PEER Center researchers, and in particular, Prof. Jack Moehle at UC Berkeley and Mr. Ron Klemencic at Magnusson Klemencic Associates in Seattle. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the supporting organization or other people acknowledged herein.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wallace, J.W. (2010). Performance-Based Design of Tall Reinforced Concrete Core Wall Buildings. In: Garevski, M., Ansal, A. (eds) Earthquake Engineering in Europe. Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9544-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9544-2_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9543-5
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9544-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)