Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Platelet-Rich Plasma pp 1–59Cite as

Platelet Rich Plasma and Its Growth Factors: The State of the Art

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Bioengineering ((LNBE))

Abstract

This study aims to offer a general idea of the current progress and discussions about the aspects of technical preparation and biological foundation of PRP for clinical application. We seek to gather the best therapeutic indications that have a scientific foundation on the use of this new tool of Regenerative Medicine. The articles of this study were acquired from the leading data bases of medical literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acosta-Feria M, Infante-Cossío P, Hernández-Guisado JM et al (2006) Obliteración del seno frontal mediante injerto de tibia y plasma rico en plaquetas para el tratamiento de la osteomielitis crônica. Neurocirugía 17(4):351–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali SF (2012) Platelet activation in stored platelet concentrates: comparison of two methods preparation. J Blood Disord Transfus 1(1):15–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsousou J, Thompson M, Hulley P, Noble A, Willett K (2009) The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br 91(8):987–996

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambroziak M, Pedzisz P, Górecki A et al (2006) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a PDGF-saturated frozen radiation-sterilised allogenic patellar ligament graft: a case report. Arthrosc Joint Surg 2(3):30–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E (1999) Plasma rich in growth factors: preliminary results of use in the preparation of future sites for implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant 14(4):529–553

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Andia I, Ardanza B et al (2004) Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost 91(1):4–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Andia I, Sanchez M et al (2005) Autologous preparations rich in growth factors promote proliferation and induce VEGF and HGF productions by human tendon cells in culture. J Orthop Res 23:281–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Sánchez M, Orive G et al (2007) The potential impact of the preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF) in different medical fields. Biomaterials 28(31):4551–4560

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Aguirre JJ, Algorta J et al (2008) Effectiveness of autologous preparation rich in growth factors for the treatment of chronic cutaneous ulcers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 84(2):415–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Sánchez M, de la Fuente M et al (2009a) Relationship between investigative biomarkers and radiographic grading in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Int J Rheumatol [Epub 2009 Apr 6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Sánchez M, Orive G et al (2009b) Shedding light in the controversial terminology for platelet rich products. J Biomed Mater Res A 90(4):1262–1263

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoczky SP, Warren RF (1983) The microvasculature of the meniscus and its response to injury. An experimental study in the dog. Am J Sports Med 11:131–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspenberg P, Virchenko O (2004) Platelet concentrate injection improves Achilles tendon repair in rats. Acta Orthop Scand 75(1):93–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber FA, Hrnack SA, Snyder SJ, Hapa O (2011) Rotator cuff repair healing influenced by platelet-rich plasma construct augmentation. Arthroscopy 27(8):1029–1035

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow CR, Pomeroy GC (2005) Enhancement of syndesmotic fusion rates in total ankle arthroplasty with the use of autologous platelet concentrate. Foot Ankle Int 26(6):458–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendinelli P, Matteucci E, Dogliotti G et al (2010) Molecular basis of anti-inflammatory action of platelet-rich plasma on human chondrocytes: mechanisms of NF-κB inhibition via HGF. J Cell Physiol 225(3):757–766

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett NT, Schultz GS (1993a) Growth factors and wound healing. Part II. Role in normal and chronic wound healing. Am J Surg 166(1):74–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett NT, Schultz GS (1993b) Growth factors and wound healing: Biochemical properties of growth factors and their receptors. Am J Surg 165(6):728–737

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett SP, Griffiths GD, Schor AM et al (2003) Growth factors in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Br J Surg 90(2):133–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergel S (1909) Uber Wirkung des Fibrins. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 35:633–665

    Google Scholar 

  • Berghoff MJ, Pietrzak WS, Rhodes RD (2006) Platelet-rich plasma application during closure following total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics 29(7):590–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibbo C, Bono CM, Lin SS (2005) Union rates using autologous platelet concentrate alone and with bone graft in high-risk foot and ankle surgery patients. J Surg Orthop Adv 14(1):17–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Bielecki T, Gazdzik TS, Szczepanski T (2008) Benefit of percutaneous injection of autologous platelet-leukocyte-rich gel in patients with delayed union and nonunion. Eur Surg Res 40:289–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggi F, Caloprisco G, Scorrano A (2004) Autologous platelet gel in orthopaedics and traumatology (3-year experience). J Bone Joint Surg 87(Suppl 2):173

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunk T, Sieminski AL, Gooch KJ et al (2002) Differential effects of growth factors on tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng 8(1):73–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Boros P, Miller CM (1995) Hepatocyte growth factor: a multifunctional cytokine. Lancet 345(8945):239–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Boss WK, Usal H, Chernoff G et al (2000) Autologous cultured fibroblasts as cellular therapy in plastic surgery. Clin Plast Surg 27(4):613–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Buda R, Vannini F, Battaglia M et al (2011) My experience with PRP 3. ICRS Newslett 13:32

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter MJ, Fylling CP, Li WW, de Leon J, Driver VR, Serena TE, Wilson J (2011a) Analysis of run-in and treatment data in a wound outcomes registry: clinical impact of topical platelet-rich plasma gel on healing trajectory. Int Wound J 8(6):638–650

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter MJ, Fylling CP, Parnell LK (2011b) Use of platelett rich plasma gel on woundhealing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eplasty 11:e38 [Epub]

    Google Scholar 

  • Castricini R, Longo UG, De Benedetto M et al (2011) Platelet rich plasma augmentation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 3:258–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J et al (2008a) Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells, platelet lysate and dexamethasone. Pain Physician 11(3):343–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J et al (2008b) Regeneration of meniscus cartilage in a knee treated with percutaneously implanted autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Med Hypotheses 71(6):900–908

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervelli V, Gentile P, Grimaldi M (2009) Regenerative surgery: use of fat grafting combined with platelet-rich plasma for chronic lower-extremity ulcers. Aesth Plast Surg 33:340–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervelli V, Lucarini L, Spallone D et al (2011) Use of platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid in the loss of substance with bone exposure. Adv Skin Wound Care 24(4):176–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerza F, Carnì S, Carcangiu A, Di Vavo I, Schiavilla V, Pecora A, De Biasi G, Ciuffreda M (2012) Comparison between hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma, intra-articular infiltration in the treatment of gonarthrosis. Am J Sports Med 40(12):2822–2827

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang CH, Lin FH, Kuo TF et al (2005) Cartilage tissue engineering. Biomed Eng Appl Basis Comm 17(2):1–11

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Chang SH, Hsu YM, Wang YJ et al (2009) Fabrication of pre-determined shape of bone segment with collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold and autogenous platelet-rich plasma. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20(1):23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Choukroun J, Adda F, Schoeffler C et al (2001) Une opportunité en paro-implantologie: le PRF. Implantodontie 41:55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Cieslik-Bielecka A, Gazdzik TS, Bielecki TM et al (2007) Why the platelet-rich gel has antimicrobial activity? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 103(3):303–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Cieslik-Bielecka A, Bielecki T, Gazdzik TS et al (2009) Autologous platelets and leukocytes can improve healing of infected high-energy soft tissue injury. Transfus Apheres Sci 41(1):9–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark RAF (1996) Overview and general considerations of wound repair. In: Clark RAF (ed) The molecular and cellular biology of wound repair. Plenum Press, New York, pp 3–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee JC, Pomeroy GC, Watts JD et al (2005) The use of autologous concentrated growth factors to promote syndesmosis fusion in the agility total ankle replacement. A preliminary study. Foot Ankle In 26(10):840–846

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole BJ, Seroyer ST, Filardo G (2010) Platelet-rich plasma: where are we now and where are we going? Sports Health 2(3):203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane D, Everts PAM (2008) Platelet rich plasma (PRP) matrix grafts. Pract Pain Manage 8(1):11–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Creaney L, Hamilton B (2008) Growth factor delivery methods in the management of sports injuries: the state of play. Br J Sports Med 42(5):314–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Creaney L, Wallace A, Curtis M et al (2011) Growth factor-based therapies provide additional benefit beyond physical therapy in resistant elbow tendinopathy: a prospective, single-blind, randomised trial of autologous blood injections versus platelet-rich plasma injections. Br J Sports Med 45(12):966–971

    Google Scholar 

  • Crovetti G, Martinelli G, Issi M et al (2004) Platelet gel for healing cutaneous chronic wounds. Transfus Apher Sci 30(2):145–151

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Elia CO, Rezende MU, Bitar AC et al (2009) O uso do plasma rico em plaquetas associado ao aspirado de medular óssea na osteotomia tibial tipo Puddu. Rev Bras Ortop 44(6):508–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Dailiana ZH, Kantzanou M, Damdounis A et al (2003) Augmentation of osteogenesis with the use of autologous growth factors (agf) a preliminary clinical and laboratory report. Poster #0379. In: 49th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallari D, Savarino L, Stagni C et al (2007) Enhanced tibial osteotomy healing with use of bone grafts supplemented with platelet gel or platelet gel and bone marrow stromal cells. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(11):2413–2420

    Google Scholar 

  • Dang ABC, Kuo AC, Kim HT (2009) Future of cartilage resurfacing procedures: a case for growth factors. Tech Knee Surg 8:2–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielsen PL, Agren MS, Jorgensen LN (2010) Platelet-rich fibrin versus albumin in surgical wound repair: a randomized trial with paired design. Ann Surger 251(5):825–831

    Google Scholar 

  • de Almeida AM, Demange MK, Sobrado MF, Rodrigues MB, Pedrinelli A, Hernandez AJ (2012) Patellar tendon healing with platelet-rich plasma: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 40(6):1282–1288. doi:10.1177/0363546512441344

    Google Scholar 

  • de Mos M, van der Windt A, Jahr H et al (2008) Can platelet-rich plasma enhance tendon repair? A cell culture study. Am J Sports Med 36(6):1171–1178

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vos RJ, Weir A, van Schie HTM (2010) Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(2):144–149

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries RA, de Bruin M, Marx JJ et al (1993) Viability of platelets collected by apheresis versus the platelet-rich plasma technique: a direct comparison. Transfus Sci 14(4):391–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Dellinger R, Britton C (unpublished) Autologous platelet grafting procedure—a new approach to healing chronic wounds and comparison between current therapies. Unpublished Monograph White Paper. http://www.safebloodtech.com/press/05-%20Diabetic%20Platelet%20Graft%20White%20Paper%20.pdf. Acessed 18 Aug 2013

  • Delos D, Rodeo SA (2011) Cartilage & PRP. ICRS Newsl 13:23

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Choukroun J, Diss A et al (2006a) Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part I: technological concepts and evolution. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 101:e37–e44

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Choukroun J, Diss A et al (2006b) Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part III: leucocyte activation: a new feature for platelet concentrates?. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 101:e51–e55

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T (2009) Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends Biotechnol 27(3):158–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Bielecki T, Del Corso M et al (2010) Shedding light in the controversial terminology for platelet-rich products: platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), platelet-leukocyte gel (PLG), preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF), classification and commercialism. J Biomed Mater Res A 95(4):1280–1282

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Bielecki T, Mishra A et al (2011) In search of a consensus terminology in the field of platelet concentrates for surgical use: platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), fibrin gel polymerization and leukocytes. Curr Pharm Biotechnol [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Bielecki T, Jimbo R, Barbe G, Del Corso M, Inchingolo F, Sammartino G (2012) Do the fibrin architecture and leukocyte content influence the growth factor release of platelet concentrates? An evidence-based answer comparing a pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) gel and a leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Curr Pharm Biotechnol 13(7):1145–1152

    Google Scholar 

  • Drengk A, Zapf A, Stürmer EK et al (2009) Influence of platelet-rich plasma on chondrogenic differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs 189(5):317–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Driver VR, Hanft J, Fylling CP et al (2006) A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of autologous platelet-rich plasma gel for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Ostomy Wound Manage 52(6):68–70, 72, 74 passim

    Google Scholar 

  • Duranti F, Salti G, Bovani B et al (1998) Injectable hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation: a clinical and histologic study. Dermatol Surg 24(12):1317–1325

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutto E, Ferrero M, Bertolini M et al (2005) The employment of autologous platelet gel in upper limb surgery: biological principles and preliminary results. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87-B(SUPP_II, 201)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekbäck G, Ryttberg L, Axelsson K et al (2000) Preoperative platelet-rich plasmapheresis and emodilution with an autotransfusion device in total hip replacement surgery. J Clin Apher 15(4):256–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekbäck G, Edlund B, Smolovicz A et al (2002) The effects of platelet apheresis in total hip replacement surgery on platelet activation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46(1):68–73

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sharkawy H, Kantarci A, Deady J et al (2007) Platelet-rich plasma: growth factors and pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. J Periodontol 78(4):661–669

    Google Scholar 

  • Engebretsen L, Steffen K, Alsousou J et al (2010) IOC consensus paper on the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine. Br J Sports Med 44(15):1072–1081

    Google Scholar 

  • Engert JC, Berglund EB, Rosenthal N (1996) Proliferation precedes differentiation in IGF-I-stimulated myogenesis. J Cell Biol 135(2):431–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Eppley BL, Woodell JE, Higgins J (2004) Platelet quantification and growth factor analysis from platelet-rich plasma: implications for wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 114(6):1502–1508

    Google Scholar 

  • Everts PA, Hoffmann J, Weibrich G et al (2006a) Differences in platelet growth factor release and leukocyte kinetics during autologous platelet gel formation. Transfus Medicine 16(5):363–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Everts PAM, Devilee RJJ, Brown-Mahoney CH et al (2006b) Platelet gel and fibrin sealant reduce allogenic blood transfusions and in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesth Scand 50:593–599

    Google Scholar 

  • Everts PAM, Knape JTA, Weibrich G et al (2006c) Platelet rich plasma and platelet gel. J Extra Corp Techn 38(2):174–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Everts PA, Devilee RJ, Brown Mahoney C et al (2007a) Exogenous application of platelet-leukocyte gel during open subacromial decompression contributes to improved patient outcome: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Eur Surg Res 40(2):203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Everts PA, Devilee RJ, Oosterbos CJ et al (2007b) Autologous platelet gel and fibrin sealant enhance the efficacy of total knee arthroplasty: improved range of motion, decreased length of stay and a reduced incidence of arthrofibrosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15(7):888–894

    Google Scholar 

  • Everts PAM, van Zundert A, Schönberger JPAM et al (2008) What do we use: platelet-rich plasma or platelet-leukocyte gel? J Biomed Mater Res A 85(4):1135–1136

    Google Scholar 

  • Fathke C, Wilson L, Hutter J et al (2004) Contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to skin: collagen deposition and wound repair. Stem Cells 22(5):812–822

    Google Scholar 

  • Feiz-Erfan I, Harrigan M, Sonntag VK et al (2007) Effect of autologous platelet gel on early and late graft fusion in anterior cervical spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine 7(5):496–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Figueroa D, Melean P, Calvo R et al (2010) Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the integration and maturation of semitendinosus-gracilis graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous platelet concentrate. Arthroscopy 26(10):1318–1325

    Google Scholar 

  • Filardo G, Kon E, Buda R, Timoncini A, Di Martino A, Cenacchi A, Fornasari PM, Giannini S, Marcacci M (2011) Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular knee injections for the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(4):528–535. doi:10.1007/s00167-010-1238-6 [Epub]

    Google Scholar 

  • Filardo G, Kon E, Di Martino A, Di Matteo B, Merli ML, Cenacchi A, Fornasari PA, Marcacci (2012) Platelet-rich plasma vs hyaluronic acid to treat knee degenerative pathology: study design and preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13:229

    Google Scholar 

  • Flamini S, Di Francesco A, Colafarina O et al (2007) Autologous platelet gel for delayed union of tibial shaft treated with intramedullary nailing. J Orthopaed Traumatol 8(1):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortier L, Nixon A, Mohammed H et al (1997) Altered biological activity of equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix and supplemented with transforming growth factor beta-1. Am J Vet Res 58(1):66–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortier LA, Cole BJ, Bajaj S et al (2011) Optimizing platelet rich plasma preparation to maximize tissue repair and minimize tissue degeneration. ICRS Newslett 13:39

    Google Scholar 

  • Franchini M, Dupplicato P, Ferro I et al (2005) Efficacy of platelet gel in reconstructive bone surgery. Orthopedics 28(2):161–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Francone CA, Jacob SW, Lossow WJ (1990) Anatomia e Fisiologia Humana, 5th edn. Editora Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu X, Li X, Cheng B et al (2005) Engineered growth factors and cutaneous wound healing: success and possible questions in the past 10 years. Wound Rep Regen 13(2):122–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Galasso O, Mariconda M, Romano G et al (2008) Expandable intramedullary nailing and platelet rich plasma to treat long bone non-unions. J Orthopaed Traumatol 9(3):129–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi A, Van Gelderen J, Berberian WS et al (2003) Platelet releasate enhances healing in pa-tients with a non-union. Poster presentation #0492. In: 49th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi A, Bibbo C, Pinzur M et al (2005) The role of platelet-rich plasma in foot and ankle surgery. Foot Ankle Clin 10(4):621–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi A, Dumas C, O’Conner JP et al (2006) The effects of local platelet rich plasma on diabetic fracture healing. Bone 38(4):540–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganio C, Tenewitz FE, Wilson RC et al (1993) The treatment of chronic nonhealing wounds using autologo platelet-derived growth factors. J Foot Ankle Surg 32(3):263–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner MJ, Demetrakopoulos D, Klepchick PR et al (2007) The efficacy of autologous platelet gel in pain control and blood loss in total knee arthroplasty: an analysis of the haemoglobin, narcotic requirement and range of motion. Int Orthop 31(3):309–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaweda M, Tarczynska W, Krzyzanowskia C (2010) Treatment of Achilies tendinopathy with platelet-rich plasma. Int J Sports Med 31(8):577–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibble JW, Ness PM (1990) Fibrin Glue: the perfect operative sealant? Transfusion 30(8):741–747

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobbi A (2010) New technology: bio-orthopaedics. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res 14:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobbi A, Somanna MS, Karnatzikos G (2011) Platelet rich plasma (PRP) in osteoarthritis: our early experience. ICRS Newslett 13:29

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobbi A, Karnatzikos G, Mahajan V, Malchira S (2012) Platelet-rich plasma treatment in symptomatic patients with knee osteoarthritis: preliminary results in a group of active patients. Sports Health 4(2):162–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman R (2004) Growth factors and chronic wound healing: past, present, and future. Avd Skin Wound Care 17(1):24–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooch KJ, Blunk T, Courter DL et al (2002) Bone morphogenetic proteins-2, -12, and -13 modulate in vitro development of engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng 8:591–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosens T (2011) Platelet Rich Plasma PRP—Evidence or Hype? ICRS Newslett 13:22

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosens T, Sluimer J (2011) Prospective randomized study on the effect of autologous platelets injection in lateral epicondylitis compared with corticosteroid injection. http://www.biomet.com/biologics/international/print/gosens_2008_recover.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2013

  • Gruber HE, Fisher EC Jr, Desai B, Stasky AA, Hoelscher G, Hanley EN (1997) Human intervertebral disc cells from the annulus: three-dimensional culture in agarose or alginate and responsiveness to TGF-beta1. Jr Exp Cell Res 235(1):13–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber HE, Norton HJ, Hanley EN (2000) Anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1 and PDGF on human intervertebral disc cells in vitro. J Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25(17):2153–2157

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson T, Kraus WE (2001) Exercise-induced angiogenesis-related growth and transcription factors in skeletal muscle, and their modification in muscle pathology. Front Biosci 6:D75–D89

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyton AC, Hall JE (1997) Tratado de Fisiologia Médica, 9th edn. Guanabara-Koogan, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  • Haisch A, Loch A, David J et al (2000) Preparation of a pure autologous biodegradable fibrin matrix for tissue engineering. Med Biol Eng Comput 38:686–689

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamid MS, Mohamed Ali MR, Yusof A, George J (2012) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): an adjuvant to hasten hamstring muscle recovery. A randomized controlled trial protocol (ISCRTN66528592). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 6(13):138. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-138

  • Hammond JW, Hinton RY, Curl LA et al (2009) Use of autologous platelet-rich plasma to treat muscle strain injuries. Am J Sports Med 37(6):1135–1142

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC (1996) Involvement of superoxide and myeloperoxidase in oxygen-dependent killing of Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils. Infect Immun 64(9):3512–3517

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson SR, Harker LA (1996) Blood coagulation and blood-materials interactions. In: Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (ed) Biomaterials science. An introduction to materials in medicine. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 193–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon KG (2010) Muscle injuries and PRP: what does the science say? Br J Sports Med 44(9):616–617

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon K, Hanson R, Bowen J et al (2011) Guidelines for the use of platelet rich plasma. The International Cellular Medical Society. http://www.cellmedicinesociety.org/attachments/206_ICMS%20-%20Guidelines%20for%20the%20use%20of%20Platelet%20Rich%20Plasma%20-%20Draft.pdf. Accessed 01 Jun 2011

  • He L, Lin Y, Hu X et al (2009) A comparative study of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the effect of proliferation and differentiation of rat osteoblasts in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 108(5):707–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Hechtman KS, Uribe JW, Botto-Vandemden A et al (2011) Platelet-rich plasma injection reduces pain in patients with recalcitrant epicondylitis. Orthopedics 34(2):92

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson D, Nixon A, Grande D et al (1994) Chondrocyte-fibrin matrix transplants for resurfacing extensive articular cartilage defects. J Orthop Res 12(4):485–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Henning CE, Lynch MA, Yearout KM et al (1990) Arthroscopic meniscal repair using an exogenous fibrin clot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 252:64–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrique Jones J, Virgolino M (2011) Microfactures in combination with pletelet-rich plasma, in small knee chondral defects, using a new application arthroscopic technique. ICRS Newslett 13:27

    Google Scholar 

  • Hom DB, Linzie BM, Huang TC (2007) The healing effects of autologous platelet gel on acute human skin wounds. Arch Facial Plast Surg 9(3):174–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu CW, Yuan K, Tseng CC (2009) The negative effect of platelet-rich plasma on the growth of human cells is associated with secreted thrombospondin-1. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 107(2):185–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Wang C, Rui Y (2012) An experimental study on effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on treatment of early intervertebral disc degeneration. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 26(8):977–983

    Google Scholar 

  • Illingworth KD, Musahl V, Lorenz SGF et al (2010) Use of fibrin clot in the knee. Oper Tech Orthop 20(2):90–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishimura M, Tamai S, Fujisawa Y (1991) Arthroscopic meniscal repair with fibrin glue. Arthroscopy 7(2):171–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawabe N, Yoshinao M (1991) The repair of fullthickness articular cartilage defects. Immune responses to reparative tissue formed by allogeneic growth plate chondrocyte implants. Clin Orthop 268:279–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawasumi M, Kitoh H, Siwicka KA et al (2008) The effect of the platelet concentration in platelet-rich plasma gel on the regeneration of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Br 90(7):966–972

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazakos K, Lyras DN, Verettas D et al (2009) The use of autologous PRP gel as an aid in the management of acute trauma wounds. Injury 40(8):801–805

    Google Scholar 

  • King D (1936) The healing of semilunar cartilages. J Bone Joint Surg 18(2):333–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Wedge JH, Yong-Hing K, Reilly J (1978) Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 3(4):319–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitoh H, Kitakoji T, Tsuchiya H et al (2004) Transplantation of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma during distraction osteogenesis: a preliminary result of three cases. Bone 35(4):892–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinger MH, Jelkmann W (2002) Role of blood platelets in infection and inflammation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 22(9):913–922

    Google Scholar 

  • Knighton DR, Hunt TK, Thakral KK et al (1982) Role of platelets and fibrin in the healing sequence: an in vivo study of angiogenesis and collagen synthesis. Ann Surg 196(4):379–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Knighton DR, Doucette M, Fiegel VD et al (1988) The use of platelet derived wound healing formula in human clinical trials. Prog Clin Biol Res 266:319–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Knighton DR, Ciresi KF, Fiegel VD et al (1990) Stimulation of repair in chronic non healing cutaneous ulcers using platelet-derived wound healing formula. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170(1):56–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Ko GD (2010) Platelet-Rich Plasma Prolotherapy for Low Back Pain Caused by Sacroiliac Joint Laxity. PPM Communications. http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/spine/platelet-rich-plasma-prolotherapy-low-back-pain-caused-sacroiliac-joint-laxity. Accessed 16 May 2013

  • Kon E, Filardo G, Delcogliano M et al (2009) Platelet-rich plasma: new clinical application. A pilot study for treatment of jumper’s knee. Injury Int J Care Injured 40(6):598–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Kon E, Buda R, Filardo G et al (2010) Platelet-rich plasma: intra-articular knee injections produced favorable results on degenerative cartilage lesions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18(4):472–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Kon E, Filardo G, Marcacci M (2011) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is under investigation in innumerable preclinical studies or even used in clinical praterogeneous applications. ICRS Newslett 13:24

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosai K, Matsumoto K, Fukanoshi H et al (1990) Hepatocyte growth factor prevents endotoxin-induced lethal hepatic failure in mice. Hepatology 30(1):151–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacevic D, Rodeo SA (2008) Biological augmentation of rotator cuff tendon repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 466(3):622–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Krijgsveld J, Zaat SA, Meeldijk J et al (2000) Thrombocidins, microbicidal proteins from human blood platelets, are c-terminal deletion products of CXC chemokines. J Biol Chem 275(27):20374–20381

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupski WC, Reilly LM, Perez S et al (1991) A prospective randomized trial of autologous platelet-derived wound healing factors for treatment of chronic nonhealing wounds: a preliminary report. J Vasc Surg 14(4):526–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota S, Kawata K, Yanagita T et al (2004) Abundant retention and release of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) by platelets. J Biochem 136(3):279–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafeber F, van Meegeren M, Nieuwenhuizen (2011) Plasma and whole blood are damaging to cartilage. ICRS Newslett 13:38

    Google Scholar 

  • Leão MP, Magini RS (2004) Coagulação (formação do gel): trombina + cloreto de cálcio x cloreto de cálcio. In: Pontual MAB, Magini RS (eds) Plasma rico em plaquetas e fatores de crescimento, da pesquisas científicas à clínica odontológica. Santos Editora, São Paulo, pp 233–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenharo A, Cosso F, Magalhães D et al (2004) Plasma rico em plaquetas–PRP. In: Pontual MAB, Magini RS (eds) Plasma rico em plaquetas e fatores de crescimento, da pesquisas científicas à clínica odontológica. Santos Editora, São Paulo, pp 163–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy O, Martinowitz U, Oran A et al (1999) The use of fibrin tissue adhesive to reduce blood loss and the need for blood transfusion after total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81(11):1580–1588

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Huard J (2002) Differentiation of muscle-derived cells into myofibroblasts in injured skeletal muscle. Am J Pathol 161(3):895–907

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin SS, Landesberg R, Chin HS et al (2006) Controlled release of PRP-derived growth factors promotes osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1:4358–4361

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind M (1988) Growth factor stimulation of bone healing. Effects on osteoblasts, osteomies and implants fixation. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 283:2–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Loo WL, Lee DY, Soon MYH (2009) Plasma rich in growth factors to treat adductor longus tear. Ann Acad Med 38(8):733–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Vidriero E, Goulding KA, Simon DA et al (2010) The use of platelet-rich plasma in arthroscopy and sports medicine: optimizing the healing environment. Arthroscopy 26(2):269–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz HP, Longaker MT (2001) Wounds: biology, pathology, and management. In: Norton JA, Bollinger RR, Chang AE et al (eds) Surgery: basic science and clinical evidence. Springer, New York, pp 77–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotz JC, Haughton V, Boden SD, An HS, Kang JD, Masuda K, Freemont A, Berven S, Sengupta DK, Tanenbaum L, Maurer P, Ranganathan A, Alavi A, Marinelli NL (2012) New treatments and imaging strategies in degenerative disease of the intervertebral disks. Radiology 264(1):6–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Verettas D et al (2009) The effect of platelet-rich plasma gel in the early phase of patellar tendon healing. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 129(11):1577–1582

    Google Scholar 

  • Maes C, Carmeliet P, Moermans K et al (2002) Impaired angiogenesis and endochondral bone formation in mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF164 and VEGF188. Mach Dev 111(1–2):61–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Santanna J et al (2001) Effectiveness of platelet releasate for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 24(3):483–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx RE (1999) Platelet-rich plasma: a source of multiple autologous growth factors for bone grafts. In: Lynch SE et al (eds) Tissue engineering, applications in maxillofacial surgery and peiodontics. Quintessence Books, Carol Stream pp 71–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx RE, Garg AK (2011) Applications of PRP in oral and maxillofacial surgery. http://www.plateletrich.com/frame_right.html. Accessed 30 May 2011

  • Matras H, Dinges H, Lassmann H et al (1972) Zur Nahtlosen interfaszikularen nerven transplantation im tierexperiment. Wein Med Wochenschr 122(37):517–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K, Nakamura T (1992) Hepatocyte growth factor: molecular structure, roles in liver regeneration and other biological functions. Crit Ver Oncog 3(1–2):27–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzucco L, Medici D, Serra M et al (2004) The use of autologous platelet gel to treat difficult-to-heal wounds: a pilot study. Transfusion 44(7):1013–1018

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy TH, Fehring TK, Larsen PY (2005) A retrospective analysis of the efficacy of autolo-gous platelet gel in total knee arthroplasty. Paper 433. In: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Annual Meeting, Washington, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Mei-Dan O, Carmont M, Kots E et al (2010a) Early return to play following complete rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow using preparation rich in growth factors: a case report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 19(5):e1–e5

    Google Scholar 

  • Mei-Dan O, Mann G, Maffulli N (2010b) Platelet-rich plasma: any substance into it? Br J Sports Med 44(9):618–619

    Google Scholar 

  • Menetrey J, Kasemkijwattana C, Day C et al (2000) Growth factors improve muscle healing in vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82(1):131–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Minami T, Horiuchi K, Miura M et al (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor- and thrombin-induced termination factor, Down syndrome critical region-1, attenuates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 279(48):50537–50554

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A (2010) Mishra platelet rich plasma classification. http://plateletrichplasma.blogspot.com/2010/04/mishra-platelet-rich-plasma.html. Accessed 23 Apr 2011

  • Mishra A, Pavelko T (2006) Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med 34(11):1774–1778

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Tummala P, King A et al (2009a) Buffered platelet-rich plasma enhances mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng Part C 15(3):431–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Woodall J, Vieira A (2009b) Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma. Clin Sports Med 28(1):113–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyazawa T, Matsumoto K, Ohmichi H et al (1998) Protection of hippocampal neurons from ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death by hepatocyte growth factor: a novel neurotrophic factor. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18(4):345–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Molloy T, Wang Y, Murrell G (2003) The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing. Sports Med 33(5):381–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Moojen DJ, Everts PA, Schure RM et al (2008) Antimicrobial activity of platelet-leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus. J Orthop Res 26:404–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Motley TA, Clements JR, Pourciau JK (2009) Incorporating platelet rich plasma and platelet poor plasma into open reduction internal fixation of closed caneus fractures to reduce wound complication: a case study. Foot Ankle Online J 2(11):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray MM, Rice K, Wright RJ et al (2003) The effect of selected growth factors on human anterior cruciate ligament cell interactions with a three-dimensional collagen-GAG scaffold. J Orthop Res 21(2):238–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray MM, Spindler KP, Abreu E et al (2007) Collagen-platelet rich plasma hydrogel enhances primary repair of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res 25(1):81–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray MM, Palmer M, Abreu E et al (2009) Platelet-rich plasma alone is not sufficient to enhance suture repair of the ACL in skeletally immature animals: an in vivo study. J Orthop Res 27(5):639–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano M, Matera S, Bossio M, Crescibene A, Costabile E, Almolla J, Almolla H, Togo F, Giannuzzi C, Guido G (2012) Autologous platelet gel for tissue regeneration in degenerative disorders of the knee. Blood Transfus 10(1):72–77. doi:10.2450/2011.0026-11

    Google Scholar 

  • Nin JRV, Gasque GM, Azcarate AV et al (2009) Has platelet-rich plasma any role in anterior cruciate ligament allograft healing? Arthroscopy 25(11):1206–1213

    Google Scholar 

  • Obata S, Akeda K, Imanishi T, Masuda K, Bae W, Morimoto R, Asanuma Y, Kasai Y, Uchida A, Sudo A (2012) Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma-releasate on intervertebral disc degeneration in the rabbit anular puncture model: a preclinical study. Arthritis Res Ther. 14(6):R241 [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Orrego M, Larrain C, Rosales J et al (2008) Effects of platelet concentrate and a bone plug on the healing of hamstring tendons in a bone tunnel. Arthroscopy 24(12):1373–1380

    Google Scholar 

  • Osti OL, Fraser RD (1992) MRI and discography of annular tears and intervertebral disc degeneration. A prospective clinical comparison. J Bone Joint Surg Br 74-B:431–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B, Moore R, Fraser RD (1992) Annular tears and disc degeneration in the lumbar spine. A post-mortem study of 135 discs. J Bone Joint Surg Br 74(5):678–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel S, Dhillon MS, Aggarwal S, Marwaha N, Jain A (2013) Treatment with platelet-rich plasma is more effective than placebo for knee osteoarthritis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Am J Sports Med 41(2):356–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Peerbooms JC, Sluimer J, Bruijn DJ et al (2010) Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 38(2):255–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Pei M, Seidel J, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Freed LE (2002) Growth factors for sequential cellular de- and redifferentiation in tissue engineering. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 294(1):149–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrera M, de Cross A JN, Kandel RA et al (2011) Effects of platelet-Rich Plasma on tissue-engineered cartilage: a preliminary study. ICRS Newslett 13:35

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietrzak WS, Eppley BL (2005) Platelet rich plasma: biology and new technology. J Craniofac Surg 16(6):1043–1054

    Google Scholar 

  • Prins HJ, Rozemuller H, Slaper-Cortenbach I et al (2011) Human platelet lysate as substitute for fetal bovine serum for culture expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells in tissue engineering applications. ICRS Newslett (13):34

    Google Scholar 

  • Purita J (2011) My experience with PRP 1. ICRS Newslett (13):30

    Google Scholar 

  • Radice F, Yánez R, Gutiérrez V et al (2010) Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in anterior cruciate ligament grafts with and without autologous platelet-derived growth factors. Arthroscopy 26(1):50–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Randelli P, Arrigoni P, Ragone V et al (2011) Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A prospective RCT study, 2 years follow-up. JSES 20(4):518–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranly DM, Lohmann CH, Andreacchio D et al (2007) Platelet-rich plasma inhibits demineralized bone matrix-induced bone formation in nude mice. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(1):139–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Redler LH, Thompson SA, Hsu SH et al (2011) Platelet-rich plasma therapy: a systematic literature review and evidence for clinical use. Phys Sportsmed 39(1):42–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees RS, Robson MC, Smiell JM et al (1999) Becaplermin gel in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Wound Rep Reg 7(3):141–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Rha DW, Park GY, Kim YK, Kim MT, Lee SC (2013) Comparison of the therapeutic effects of ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injection and dry needling in rotator cuff disease: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 27(2):113–122. doi:10.1177/0269215512448388

    Google Scholar 

  • Robiony M, Polini F, Costa F et al (2002) Osteogenesis distraction and platelet-rich plasma for bone restoration of the severely atrophic mandible: preliminary results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60(6):630–635

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodeo SA, Potter HG, Kawamura S et al (2007) Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff tendon-healing with use of a mixture of osteoinductive growth factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(11):2485–2497

    Google Scholar 

  • Roussy Y, Bertrand Duchesne MP, Gagnon G (2007) Activation of human platelet-rich plasmas: effect on growth factors release, cell division and in vivo bone formation. Clin Oral Implants Res 18(5):639–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Rughetti A, Flamini S, Colafarina O et al (2004) Closed surgery: autologous platelet gel for the treatment of pseudoarthrosis. Blood Transfus 2:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacchi MC, Maresca P, Tartuferi L et al (2000) Platelet gel as a new routine method to improve wound healing and tissue regeneration. Transfus Med 10(4):325–325(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldalamacchia G, Lapice E, Cuomo V et al (2004) A controlled study of the use of autologous platelet gel for the treatmentof diabetic foot ulcers. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 14:395–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson S, Reed M, Silvers H, Meng M, Mandelbaum B (2010) Injection of platelet-rich plasma in patients with primary and secondary knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89(12):961–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson S, Aufiero D, Meng M et al (2011) Platelet-rich plasma therapy as a firstline treatment for severe Achilles tendon tear: a case report. Int J Ther Rehabil 18(2):101–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Azofra J, Aizpurua B et al (2003a) Use of autologous plasma rich in growth factors in arthroscopic surgery. Cuader Artroscopia 10:12–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Azofra J, Anitua E et al (2003b) Plasma rich in growth factors to treat an articular cartilage avulsion: a case report. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35(10):1648–1652

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez M, Azofra J, Anitua E et al (2003c) Plasma rich in growth factors to treat an articular cartilage avulsion: a case report. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35(10):1648–1652

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Anitua E, Andia I (2005) Application of autologous growth factors on skeletal muscle healing. Regmed. Poster Presentation. http://regmed2005.abstract-management.de/overview/?ID5314. Accessed 13 Apr 2011

  • Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J et al (2007) Comparison of surgically repaired achilles tendon tears using platelet-rich fibrin matrices. Am J Sports Med February 35(2):245–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J et al (2008) Intra-articular injection of an autologous preparation rich in growth factors for the treatment of knee OA: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26(5):910–913

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Anitua E, Cugat R et al (2009) Nonunions treated with autologous preparation rich in growth factors. J Orthop Trauma 23(1):52–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J et al (2010) Ligamentization of tendon grafts treated with an endogenous preparation rich in growth factors: gross morphology and histology. Arthroscopy 26(4):470–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Fiz N, Azofra J, Usabiaga J, Aduriz Recalde E, Garcia Gutierrez A, Albillos J, Gárate R, Aguirre JJ, Padilla S, Orive G, Anitua E (2012a) A randomized clinical trial evaluating plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) versus hyaluronic acid in the short-term treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy 28(8):1070–1078

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Guadilla J, Fiz N, Andia I (2012b) Ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. Rheumatology (Oxford) 51(1):144–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Savarino L, Cenni E, Tarabusi C et al (2006) Evaluation of bone healing enhancement by lyophilized bone grafts supplemented with platelet gel: a standardized methodology in patients with tibial osteotomy for genu varus. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 76(2):364–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Schepull T, Kvist J, Norrman H et al (2011) Autologous platelets have no effect on the healing of human Achilles tendon ruptures: a randomized single-blind study. Am J Sports Med 39(1):38–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Miller BJ et al (2007) Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons. J Orthop Res 25(2):230–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Scioli M (2006) Treatment of recalcitrant enthesopathy of the hip with platelet rich plasma—a report of three cases. Clinical Orthopaedic Society News. http://www.biomet.com/biologics/international/print/Scioli_newsletter_submission.pdf. Accessed 24 May 2011

  • Shen W, Prisk V, Li Y et al (2006) Inhibited skeletal muscle healing in cyclooxygenase-2 gene-deficient mice: the role of PGE2 and PGF2alpha. J Appl Phys 101(4):1215–1221

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen W, Li Y, Zhu J et al (2008) Interaction between macrophages, TGF-beta1, and the COX-2 pathway during inflammatory phase of skeletal muscle healing after injury. J Cell Physiol 214(2):405–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Siclari A (2011) The PRP in the repair of cartilage lesions. ICRS Newslett 13:25

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva A, Sampaio R (2009) Anatomic ACL reconstruction: does the platelet-rich plasma accelerate tendon healing? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17(6):676–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Simman R, Hoffmann A, Bohinc J et al (2008) Role of platelet-rich plasma in acceleration of bone fracture healing. Ann Plast Surg 61(3):337–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JJ, Ross MW, Smith RK (2006) Anabolic effects of acellular bone marrow, platelet rich plasma, and serum on equine suspensory ligament fibroblasts in vitro. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19(1):43–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith C, Kruger MJ, Smith RM et al (2008) The inflammatory response to skeletal muscle injury: illuminating complexities. Sports Med 38(11):947–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Soler Rich R, Soler F, Peirau X et al (2011) My experience with PRP 2. ICRS Newslett 13:31

    Google Scholar 

  • Souza MH (2005) Elias DO (2005) Manual de Instrução Programada: Princípios de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, 2nd edn. Centro de Estudos de Circulação Extracorpórea, Centro de Estudos Alfa Rio, Alfa Rio

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaková T, Rosocha J, Lacko M, Harvanová D, Gharaibeh A (2012) Treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis with autologous platelet-rich plasma in comparison with hyaluronic acid. Am J Phys Med Rehabil [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Staindl O (1981) Surgical management of rhinophyma. Acta Otolaryngol 92:137–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Staindl O, Galvan G, Macher M (1981) The influence of fibrin stabilization and fibrinolysis on the fibrin-adhesive system. A clinical study using radioactively marked fibrinogen as a tracer. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 233(1):105–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Stütz H (2004) The use of autologous fibrin glue to reduce perioperative blood loss in total knee arthroplasty: results of a controlled study. Orthopädische Praxis 40(12):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata Y (2003) Tissue regeneration based on growth factors release. Tissue Eng 9(1):880–886

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang YQ, Yeaman MR, Selsted ME (2002) Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets. Infect Immun 70(12):6524–6533

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate KS, Crane DM (2010) Platelet rich plasma grafts in musculoskeletal medicine. J Prolother 2(2):371–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Tidball JG (2005) Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(2):R345–R353

    Google Scholar 

  • Tidball JG, Wehling-Henricks M (2007) Macrophages promote muscle membrane repair and muscle fibre growth and regeneration during modified muscle loading in mice in vivo. J Physiol 578(Pt 1):327–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Toumi H, Best TM (2003) The inflammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle injury? Br J Sports Med 37(4):284–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Trippel SB (1997) Growth factors as therapeutic agents. Instr Course Lect 46:473–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Trowbridge CC, Stammers AH, Woods E et al (2005) Use of platelet gel and its effects on infection in cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol 37(4):381–386

    Google Scholar 

  • van Buul GM, Koevoet WL, Kops N, Bos PK, Verhaar JA, Weinans H, Bernsen MR, van Osch GJ (2011) Platelet rich plasma inhibits IL-1b induced processes in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. ICRS Newslett 13:37

    Google Scholar 

  • van Susante J, Buma P, Schuman L et al (1999) Resurfacing potential of heterologous chondrocytes suspended in fibrin glue in large full-thickness defects of femoral articular cartilage: an experimental study in the goat. Biomaterials 20(13):1167–1175

    Google Scholar 

  • van Trommel MF, Simonian PT, Potter HG et al (1998) Arthroscopic meniscal repair with fibrin clot of complete radial tears of the lateral meniscus in the avascular zone. Arthroscopy 14(4):360–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Vendramin FS, Franco D, Franco TR (2010a) Utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo nas cirurgias de enxertos cutâneos em feridas crônicas. Rev Bras Cir Plást 25(4):589–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Vendramin FS, Franco D, Schamall RF et al (2010b) Utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) autólogo em enxertos cutâneos em coelhos. Rev Bras Cir Plást 25(1):4–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventura A, Terzaghi C, Borgo E et al (2005) Use of growth factors in ACL surgery: preliminary study. J Orthopaed Traumatol 6(2):76–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdonk p, Dhollander A (2011) Early experience of Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) combined with platelet rich plasma gel (PRP) for the treatment of patellar cartilage defects in the knee. ICRS Newslett 13:26

    Google Scholar 

  • Videman T, Nurminen M (2004) The occurrence of anular tears and their relation to lifetime back pain history: a cadaveric study using barium sulfate discography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 29(23):2668–2676

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogrin M, Rupreht M, Crnjac A et al (2010) The effect of platelet-derived growth factors on knee stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized clinical study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122(2):91–95

    Google Scholar 

  • WADA (2013) The world anti-doping code: the 2013 prohibited list. International Standard, Montreal 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang-Saegusa A, Cugat R, Ares O, Seijas R, Cuscó X, Garcia-Balletbó M (2010) Infiltration of plasma rich in growth factors for osteoarthritis of the knee short-term effects on function and quality of life. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 131(3):311–317. doi:10.1007/s00402-010-1167-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson JT (2013) Autologous growth factors combined with demineralized bone matrix used as an alternative to autograft for the treatment of recalcitrant nonunited fractures of long bones: a report of six cases. DePuy Orthopaedics and DePuy ACE. http://www.prp.net.br/adm/pdf/fraturas.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2013

  • Webber RJ, Harris MG, Hough AJ Jr (1985) Cell culture of rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes: proliferative and synthetic response to growth factors and ascorbate. J Orthop Res 3(1):36–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Weibrich G, Kleis WK, Hafner G et al (2002) Growth factor levels in platelet-rich plasma and correlations with donor age, sex, and platelet count. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 30(2):97–102

    Google Scholar 

  • West TB, Alster TS (1998) Autologous human collagen and dermal fibroblasts for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Surg 24(5):510–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitman DH, Berr YRL, Green DM (1977) Platelet gel: an autologous alternative to fibrin glue with applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Surg 55(11):1294–1299

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodell-May JE, Pietrzak WS (2008) Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedics. In: Pietrzak WS (ed) Orthopedic biology and medicine: musculoskeletal tissue regeneration, biological materials and methods. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 547–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodell-May J, O’Shaughnessey K, Matuska A et al (2011) Anti-inflammatory properties of platelet-rich plasma. ICRS Newslett 13:36

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright-Carpenter T, Klein P, Schäferhoff P et al (2004) Treatment of muscle injuries by local administration of autologous conditioned serum: a pilot study on sportsmen with muscle strains. Int J Sports Med 25(8):588–593

    Google Scholar 

  • Wroblewski AP, Mejia HA, Wright VJ et al (2010) Application of platelet-rich plasma to enhance tissue repair. Oper Tech Orthop 20(2):98–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan NB, Wang C, Wang Y et al (2007) The preliminary application of autologous platelet-rich gel used to treat refractory diabetic dermal ulcer. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 38(5):900–903

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics and Regeneration-iMOR, Uberaba, MG, Brazil

    José F. Lana & Eduardo Vicente

  2. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA

    Adam Weglein

  3. Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Amanda G. M. Perez & Maria H. A. Santana

  4. Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Ana A. Rodrigues & William D. Belangero

  5. Haematology and Hemotherapy Center, Umbilical Cord Blood Bank, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Ângela C. M. Luzo

Authors
  1. José F. Lana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adam Weglein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eduardo Vicente
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amanda G. M. Perez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ana A. Rodrigues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ângela C. M. Luzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Maria H. A. Santana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. William D. Belangero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to José F. Lana .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics and Regeneration - iMOR, Uberaba, Brazil

    José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana

  2. Department of Biotechnological Processes, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Maria Helena Andrade Santana

  3. Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    William Dias Belangero

  4. Haematology and Hemotherapy Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Angela Cristina Malheiros Luzo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lana, J.F. et al. (2014). Platelet Rich Plasma and Its Growth Factors: The State of the Art. In: Lana, J., Andrade Santana, M., Dias Belangero, W., Malheiros Luzo, A. (eds) Platelet-Rich Plasma. Lecture Notes in Bioengineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40117-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40117-6_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40116-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40117-6

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation