Abstract
Bacopa monnieri L. Pennell (family: Scrophulariaceae) is a reputed drug of Ayurveda. It is used in traditional medicine to treat various nervous disorders; it is also used as a stomachic, a digestive, rejuvenate, for promoting memory and intellect, for skin disorders, and as an antiepileptic, antipyretic, and analgesic. In a sector study by the Export–Import Bank of India, B. monnieri was placed second in a priority list of the most important medicinal plants, evaluated on the basis of their medicinal importance, commercial value, and potential for further research and development. Based on the traditional claims on B. monnieri as a memory enhancer, many classical and proprietary preparations are now available on the market. In the last two decades, B. monnieri has been studied extensively for its chemical constituents, its efficacy has been established in several in vivo and in vitro models, and randomized clinical trials have also been carried out. This article reviews the work carried out on the chemical, pharmacological, clinical, and biotechnological aspects of this plant.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Chopra IC, Handa KL, Sobti SN (1956) Indian J Pharm 18:364
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, vol. II, (1999) Government of India, Ministry of Health Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine, New Delhi, India, pp 25–26
Gupta AK, Sharma M, Tandon N (eds) (2004) Reviews on Indian Medicinal Plants Vol 4. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, pp 4–23
Export-Import Bank of India (1997) Indian Medicinal Plants: A Sector Study. Occasional paper No. 54, 2. Quest Publications, Bombay, India
Ahmad RU (1993) Medicinal plants used in ISM – Their procurement, cultivation, regeneration and import/export aspects: A report. In: Govil JN, Singh VK, Hashmi S (eds) Medicinal Plants: New Vistas of Research (Part 1). Today Tomorrow Printers and Publisher, New Delhi, pp 221–225
Rajani M, Shrivastava N, Ravishankara MN (2004) Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell.) – a Medhya Rasayana drug. In: New Concepts in Medicinal Plants. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), USA, p 89–110
Jain P, Kulshreshtha DK (1993) Phytochemistry 33:449
Rastogi S, Pal R, Kulshreshtha DK (1994) Phytochemistry 36:133
Rastogi S, Kulshreshtha DK (1998) Indian J Chem 38B:353
Garai S, Mahato SB, Ohtani K, Yamasaki K (1996) Phytochemistry 42:815
Garai S, Mahato SB, Ohtani K, Yamasaki K (1996) Phytochemistry 43:447
Mahato SB, Garai S, Chakravarty AK (2000) Phytochemistry 53:711
Hou CC, Lin SJ, Hsu FL (2002) J Nat Prod 65:1759
Chakravarty AK, Sarkar T, Masuda K, Shiojima K, Nakane T, Kawahara N (2001) Phytochemistry 58:553
Chakravarty AK, Garai S, Masuda K, Nakane T, Kawahara N (2003) Chem Pharm Bull 51: 215
Zhou Y, Shen YH, Zhang C, Su J, Liu RH, Zhang WD (2007) J Nat Prod 70:652
Sivaramakrishna C, Rao VC, Trimurtulu G, Vanisree M, Subbaraju GV (2005) Phytochemistry 66:2719
Basu, NK, Pabrai PR (1947) Q J Pharm Pharmacol 20:137
Deepak M, Sangli GK, Arun PC, Amit A (2005) Phytochem Anal 16:24
Rastogi S, Pal R, Kulshreshtha DK (1994) Phytochemistry 36:133
Rastogi S, Kulshreshtha DK (1998) Indian J Chem 38B:353
Deepak M, Amit A (2004) Phytomedicine 11:264
Sastry MS, Dhalla NS, Malhotra CL (1959) Indian J Pharm 21:303
Chatterji N, Rastogi RP, Dhar ML (1963) Indian J Chem 1:212
Rastogi RP, Dhar ML (1960) J Sci Ind Res 19B:455
Jain P, Kulshreshtha DK (1993) Phytochemistry 33:449
Chaudhuri PK, Srivastava R, Kumar Sunil, Kumar Sushil (2004) Phytother Res 18:114
Bose KC, Bose NK (1931) J Indian Med Assoc 1:60
Basu NK, Walia JS (1944) Indian J Pharm 6:84:91
Basu NK, Pabrai PR (1947) Q J Pharm Pharmacol 20:137
Schulte KE, Ruecker G, El-Kersch M (1972) Phytochemistry 11:2649
Proliac A, Chabaud A, Raynaud J (1991) Pharm Acta Helv 66:153 – cited in Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Vol. I. 1998, IDMA, Mumbai, India
Bhandari P, Kumar N, Singh B, Kaul VK (2006) Chem Pharm Bull 54:240
Chakravarty AK, Sarkar T, Nakane T, Kawahara N, Masuda K (2001) Chem Pharm Bull 50:1616
Vohora SB, Khanna T, Athar M, Ahmad B (1997) Fitoterapia 68:361
Ahmed B, Rahman A (2000) Indian J Chem 39B:620
Pal R, Sarin JPS (1992) Indian J Pharm Sci 54:17
Renukappa T, Roos G, Klaiber B, Kraus WV (1999) J Chromatogr A 847:109
Gupta AP, Mathur S, Gupta MM, Kumar S (1998) J Med Arom Plant Sci 20:1052
Bhandari P, Kumar N, Gupta AP, Singh B, Kaul VK (2006) Chromatographia 64:599
Murthy PBS, Raju VR, Ramakrisana T, Chakravarthy MS, Kumar VK, Kannababu S, Subbaraju V (2006) Chem Pharm Bull 54:907
Srinivasa H, Bagul MS, Padh H, Rajani M (2004) Chromatographia 60:131
Vikas Kumar (2006) Phytother Res 20:1023
Prakash JC, Sirsi M (1962) J Sci Industr Res 21C:93
Singh HK, Dhawan BN (1982) J Ethnopharmacol 5:205
Singh HK, Dhawan BN (1978) Indian J Pharmacol 10:72
Singh HK, Dhawan BN (1994) Pre-clinical Neuro-psychopharmacological Investigations on Bacosides: A Nootropic Memory Enhancer. Update Ayurveda-94, Bombay, India, 24–26th February 1994, pp 74
Singh HK, Dhawan BN (1997) Indian J Pharmacol 29:S359
Singh HK, Rastogi RP, Srimal RC, Dhawan BN (1988) Phytotherapy Res 2:70
Russo A, Borrelli F (2005) Phytomedicine 12:305
Shukla B, Khanna NK, Godhwani JL (1987) J Ethnopharmacol 21:65
Handa SS (1996) Rasaayana drugs. In: Handa SS, Kaul MK (eds) Supplement to Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants. RRL, Jammu-Tawi, pp 510–524
Das A, Shankar G, Nath C, Pal R, Singh S, Singh H (2002) Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73:893
Kishore K, Singh M (2005) Indian J Exp Biol 43:640
Aithal HN, Sirsi M (1961) Indian J Pharm 23:2
Ganguly DK, Malhotra CL (1967) Indian J Med Res 55:473
Jyoti A, Sharma D (2006) NeuroToxicology 27:451
Pal R, Sarin JPS (1992) Indian J Pharm Sci 54:17
Jyoti A, Sethi P, Sharma D (2007) J Ethnopharmcol 20:56
Tripathi YB, Chaurasia S, Tripathi E, Upadhyay A, Dubey GP (1996) Indian J Exp Biol 34:523
Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S (2000) Phytother Res 14:174
Singh HK, Srimal RC, Srivastava AK, Garg NK, Dhawan BN (1990) Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, California, 17–20 October, 1990. pp 79
Dhawan BN, Singh HK (1996) International Convention of Biological Psychiatry, 8–10 January, 1996, Bombay, India: pp 21, Abstr NR 59
Kar A, Panda S, Bharti S (2002) J Ethnopharmacol 81:281
Holcomb LA, Dhanasekaran M, Hitt AR, Yough AK, Riggs M, Manyam BV (2006) J Alzheimers Dis 9:243
Rao GMA, Karanth KS (1992) Fitoterapia 63: 399
Malhotra CL, Das PK, Dhalla NS (1960) Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 129:290
Malhotra CL, Prasad K, Dhalla NS, Das PK (1961) Indian J Pharm Pharmacol 13:447
Malhotra CL, Das PK (1959) Indian J Med Res 47:294
Khanna T, Ahmad B (1992) Proceedings of a Conference on Trends in Molecular Cellular Cardiology, Lucknow, 4–5 May, 1992. pp 20
Dhalla NS, Sastry MS, Malhotra CL (1961) Indian J Med Res 49:781
Das PK, Malhotra CL, Dhalla NS (1961) Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 5:136
Indurwade NH, Biyani KR (2000) Indian J Med Sci 54:339
Sumathi T, Govindasamy S, Balakrishna K, Veluchamy G (2002) Fitoterapia 73:381
Sumathi T, Nayeem M, Balakrishna K, Veluchamy G, Devaraj SN (2002) J Ethnopharmacol 82:75
Rai D, Bhatia G, Palit G, Pal R Singh, Singh HK (2003) Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75:823
Sheikh N, Ahmad A, Siripurapu KB, Kuchibhotla VK, Singh S, Palit G (2007) J Ethnopharmcol 111:671
Chowdhuri KD, Parmar D, Kakkar P, Shukla R, Seth PK, Srimal RC (2002) Phytother Res 16:639
Das A, Shankar G, Nath C, Pal R, Singh S, Singh H (2002) Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73:893
Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Shyamala Devi CS (2005) J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:59
Anbarasi K, Vani G, Shyamala Devi SC (2005) J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 24:225
Anbarasi K, Kathirvel G, Vani G, Jayaraman G, Shyamala Devi S (2006) Neuroscience 138:1127
Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Shyamala Devi CS (2005) Vascular Pharmacology 42:57
Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Shyamala Devi CS (2006) Life Sciences 78:1378
Vijayan V, Helen A (2006) Phytother Res 21:378
Pawar R, Gopalakrishnan C, Bhutani KK (2001) Plant Med. 67:752
Russo A, Izzo AA, Borrelli F, Renis M, Vanell A (2003) Phytother Res 17:870
Sairam K, Rao CV, Babu MD, Goel RK (2001) Phytomedicine 8:423
Goel RK, Sairam K, Babu MD, Tavares IA, Raman A (2003) Phytomedicine 10:523
Dar A, Channa S (1997) Phytother Res 11:323
Dar A, Channa S (1997) Phytomedicine 4:319
Dar A, Channa S (1999) J Ethnopharmacol 66:167
Channa S, Dar A, Yaqoob, Anjum S, Sultani Z, Atta-ur-Rahman (2004) J Ethnopharmacol 86:27
Channa S, Dar A, Anjum S, Yaqoob M, Atta-ur-Rahman (2006) J Ethnopharmacol 104:286
Vohora SB, Khanna T, Athar M, Ahmad B (1997) Fitoterapia 68:361
Ravikumar S, Nazar S, Nuralshiefa A, Abideen S (2005) J Environ Biol 26:383
McLaughlin JL, Chang CJ, Smith DL (1992) Am Chem Soc Sympos Ser 534:114
McLaughlin JL, Rogers LL, Anderson JE (1998) Drug Inform J 32:513
D’Souza P, Deepak M, Rani P, Kadamboor S, Mathew A, Chandrashekar AP, Agarwal A (2002) Phytother Res 16:197
Bhakuni DS, Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN (1969) Indian J Exp Biol 7:250
Elangovan V, Govindasamy S, Ramamoorthy N, Balasubramanian K (1995) Fitoterapia 66:211
Samiulla DS, Prashanth D, Amit A (2001) Fitoterapia 72:284
Sinha J, Raay B, Das N, Medda S, Garai S, Mahato SB, Basu MK (2002) Drug Delivery 9:55
Singh RH, Singh L (1980) J Res Ayur Siddha (Q) 1:133
Sharma R, Chaturvedi C, Tewari PV (1987) J Res Edu Indian Med 6:1
Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker J (2002) Neuropsychopharmacology 27:279
Nathan PJ, Clarke J, Lloyd J, Hutchison CW, Downey L, Stough C (2001) Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 16:348
Maher BFG, Stough C, Shelmerdine A, Wesnes K, Nathan PJ (2002) Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 17:163
Stough C, Lloyd J, Clarke J, Downey LA, Hutchison CW, Rodgers T, Nathan PJ (2001) Psychopharmacology 156:481
Nathan PJ, Tanner S, Lloyd J, Harrison B, Curran L, Oliver C, Stough C (2004) Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 19:91
Darokar PM, Khanuja PS, Shasany AK, Kumar S (2001) Genet Resour Crop Ev 48:555
Ali G, Purohit M, Mughal MH, Iqbal M, Srivastava PS (1996) Plant Tiss Cult Biotech 2:208
Shrivastava N, Rajani M (1999) Plant Cell Rep 18:919
Tiwari V, Singh BD, Tiwari KN (1998) Plant Cell Rep 17:538
Tiwari V, Tiwari KN, Singh BD (2001) Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 66:9
Tiwari V, Tiwari KN, Singh BD (2006) Plant Cell Rep 25:629
Mohapatra HP, Rath PS (2005) Indian J Exp Biol 43:373
Rahman LU, Verma PC, Singh D, Gupta MM, Banerjee S (2002) Biotech Lett 24:1427
Ali G, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M (1998) Biol Plantarum 41:35
Ali G, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M (2000) Biol Plantarum 43:599
Ali G, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M (2001) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 66:342
Singh S, Eapen S, D’Souza SF (2006) Chemosphere 62:233
Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi RD, Govindarajan R, Kuriakose SV, Prasad MNV (2006) Plant Phyisol Biochem 44:25
Ali G, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M (1999) Biol Plantarum 42:89 Escandon AS, Hagiwara JC, Alderete LM (2006) Electronic J Biotechnol 9(3 special issue):181
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rajani, M. (2008). Bacopa monnieri, a Nootropic Drug. In: Ramawat, K., Merillon, J. (eds) Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74603-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74603-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-74600-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-74603-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)