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Epigenetic Influences During the Periconception Period and Assisted Reproduction

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Periconception in Physiology and Medicine

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1014))

Abstract

The periconception period starts 6 months before conception and lasts until the tenth week of gestation. In this chapter, we will focus on epigenetic modifications to DNA and gene expression within this period and during assisted reproduction. There are two critical times during the periconception window when significant epigenetic ‘reprogramming’ occur: one during gametogenesis and another during the pre-implantation embryonic stage. Furthermore, assisted conception treatments, laboratory protocols and culture media can affect the embryo development and birth weights in laboratory animals. There is, however, an ongoing debate as to whether epigenetic changes in humans, causing embryo mal-development, placenta dysfunction and birth defects, result from assisted reproductive technologies or are consequences of pre-existing medical and/or genetic conditions in the parents. The periconception period starts from ovarian folliculogenesis, through resumption of oogenesis, fertilisation, peri-implantation embryo development, embryogenesis until the end of organogenesis. In men, it is the period from spermatogenesis to epididymal sperm storage and fertilisation. Gametes and developing embryos are sensitive to environmental factors during this period, and epigenetic modifications can occur in response to adverse lifestyles and environmental factors. We now know that lifestyle factors such as advanced parentage age, obesity or undernutrition, smoking, excessive alcohol and caffeine intake and recreational drugs used during gamete production and embryogenesis could induce epigenetic alterations, which could impact adversely on pregnancy outcomes and health of the offspring. Furthermore, these can also result in a permanent and irreversible effect in a dose-dependent manner, which can be passed on to the future generations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Reproductive Medicine, Central Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK

    Akwasi A. Amoako PhD, MRCOG

  2. Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Tamer M. Nafee MD, MRCOG & Bolarinde Ola MBBS, FWACS, FRCOG, MD

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  1. Akwasi A. Amoako PhD, MRCOG
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  2. Tamer M. Nafee MD, MRCOG
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  3. Bolarinde Ola MBBS, FWACS, FRCOG, MD
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Correspondence to Bolarinde Ola MBBS, FWACS, FRCOG, MD .

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  1. Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

    Alireza Fazeli

  2. Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

    William V. Holt

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Amoako, A.A., Nafee, T.M., Ola, B. (2017). Epigenetic Influences During the Periconception Period and Assisted Reproduction. In: Fazeli, A., Holt, W. (eds) Periconception in Physiology and Medicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1014. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62414-3_2

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