Abstract
Microalgae have gained the attention of the scientific community, particularly lipid biochemists and microalgal biotechnologists, as a source of valuable nutritional ingredients, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and carotenoids, as well as precursors for biodiesel production. The field of microalgal lipids, particularly with respect to the identification of gene functions and the regulation of lipid biosynthetic pathways, is in its infancy. However, a wealth of biochemical and physiological data had been previously acquired. The last few years have witnessed substantial progress toward understanding the biochemical reactions of lipid biosynthesis in microalgae, supported by comprehensive knowledge acquired in the field of plant lipid biochemistry, as well as immense systems biology studies. Intensive investigations focusing on the biochemistry and enzymology of triacylglycerol formation in microalgal cells have already revealed some novel gene functions and cellular features, indicating that lipid metabolism in microalgae might differ in some aspects from that in higher plants. A better understanding of the remarkable diversity, complex evolutionary history and ecological distribution of microalgae would further accelerate functional genomic studies of model and non-model species and shed more light on their versatile lipid biosynthesis pathways. Recent advances in the genetic transformation as well as in genome-editing technologies, now permit the genomes of microalgae to be manipulated in order to expand their use in biotechnology. A thorough understanding of the lipid biosynthetic pathways in different groups of microalgae is a prerequisite for the genetic engineering of microalgae toward enhanced lipid production and modifications in fatty acid composition.
This chapter covers the biochemistry and physiology of lipid metabolism in microalgae. It summarizes the current knowledge in the field acquired over the last two decades, noting some of the earlier seminal works. The first aspect to be covered is the diversity of fatty acid and lipid classes in microalgae; next, the major lipid biosynthesis routes and pathways of fatty acid modification are outlined. In the last part of the chapter, we address the effects of environmental and nutritional factors, as well as stressful conditions, on lipid metabolism in microalgae.
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Notes
- 1.
Wherever possible the currently accepted names for species are used. The name used in the paper cited is also indicated. For details of names see chapter “Systematics, Taxonomy and Species Names: Do They Matter?” of this book (Borowitzka 2016).
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Zvi Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) and late Mark Merzlyak (Moscow State University) for introducing me to the fascinating world of plant and microalgal lipids. Alexei Solovchenko (Moscow State University) for his valuable suggestions and reading the manuscript; Irina Guschina (Cardiff University) and Nastassia Shtaida for their assistance with preparation of illustrative material. I would like to thank all members of the Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) for their continuous support of my research and Camille Vainstein for professional English language editing. The Lipidomics Gateway at http://www.lipidmaps.org/tools/index.html for kind permission to reproduce the chemical structures of fatty acids and lipids (Fahy et al. 2007). The financial support of European Commission’s Seventh Framework Program for Research and Technology Development (FP7) is kingly appreciated (project GIAVAP, Grant No. 266401).
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Khozin-Goldberg, I. (2016). Lipid Metabolism in Microalgae. In: Borowitzka, M., Beardall, J., Raven, J. (eds) The Physiology of Microalgae. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24945-2_18
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