Skip to main content

Minority Languages in the Age of Networked Individualism: From Social Networks to Digital Breathing Spaces

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation

Part of the book series: Language and Globalization ((LAGL))

Abstract

In this chapter Daniel Cunliffe explores the ramifications of social media for speakers of regional and minority languages (RMLs) and assesses the new kinds of networks and communities that they have engendered. He focuses in particular on the ways in which these new networks may serve as digital ‘breathing spaces’ for RMLs, examining the necessary characteristics of such digital breathing spaces and the challenges that arise in connection with the creation and maintenance of such spaces. As information and communication technology continues to develop, he argues, it will be increasingly necessary to consider online and offline social networks as a single, inseparable social network in which the social use of minority languages takes place.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Axelsson, A.-S., Å. Abelin, and R. Schroeder. 2003. Anyone speak Spanish? Language encounters in multi-user virtual environments and the influence of technology. New Media & Society 5 (4): 475–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E.A., P.D. Pearson, and M.S. Rozendal. 2010. Theoretical perspectives and Literary Studies: An exploration of roles and insights. In The New Literacies: Multiple Perspectives on Research and Practice, ed. E.A. Baker, 1–22. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • BBC Cymru Fyw. 2016. Mwy o Glecs? www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/37418544. Accessed 31 January 2020.

  • Belmar, G., and M. Glass. 2019. Virtual communities as breathing spaces for minority languages: Re-framing minority language use on social media. Adeptus 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benkler, Y. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe, D., and C. Honeycutt. 2008. The Blogiadur–a community of Welsh-language bloggers. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication (CATaC 2008), ed. F. Sudweeks, H. Hrachovec, and C. Ess, 230–244. Nimes, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carew, M., J. Green, I. Kral, R. Nordlinger, and R. Singer. 2015. Getting in touch: Language and digital inclusion in Australian indigenous communities. Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 307–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. 2010. The Rise of the Network Society, 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cenoz, J., and D. Gorter. 2017. Minority languages and sustainable translanguaging: Threat or opportunity? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38 (10): 901–912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cenoz, J., and D. Gorter. 2019. Multilingualism, translanguaging, and minority languages in SLA. The Modern Language Journal 103: 130–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceberio, K., A. Gurrutxaga, C. Soria, I. Russo, and V. Quochi. 2018. How to Use the Digital Language Vitality Scale. The Digital Language Diversity Project. http://www.dldp.eu/sites/default/files/documents/DLDP_Digital-Language-Vitality-Scale.pdf. Accessed 31 January 2020.

  • Ceberio Berger, K., A. Gurrutxaga Hernaiz, P. Baroni, D. Hicks, E. Kruse, V. Quochi, I. Irene Russo, T. Salonen, A. Sarhimaa, and C. Claudia Soria. 2018. The DLDP Digital Language Survival Kit. http://www.dldp.eu/sites/default/files/documents/DLDP_Digital-Language-Survival-Kit.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2020.

  • Cormack, M. 2007. The media and language maintenance. In Minority Language Media: Concepts, Critiques and Case Studies, ed. M. Cormack and N. Hourigan, 52–68. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. 2000. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. 2008. Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe, D. 2019. Minority languages and social media. In The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities, ed. G. Hogan-Brun and B. O’Rourke, 451–480. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe, D., D. Morris, and C. Prys. 2013. Investigating the differential use of Welsh in young speakers’ social networks: A comparison of communication in face-to-face settings, in electronic texts and on social networking sites. In Social Media and Minority Languages: Convergence and the Creative Industries, ed. E.H.G. Jones and E. Uribe-Jongbloed, 75–86. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H.C. 2018. Redefining filter bubbles as (escapable) socio-technical recursion. Sociological Research Online 23 (3): 637–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Bres, J. 2015. Introduction: Language policies on social network sites. Language Policy 14: 309–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenlohr, P. 2004. Language revitalization and new technologies: Cultures of electronic mediation and the refiguring of communities. Annual Review of Anthropology 33 (1): 21–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone, D. 2013. The Aboriginal invention of broadband: How Yarnangu are using ICTs in the Ngaanyatjarra lands of Western Australia. In Information Technology and Indigenous Communities, ed. L. Ormond-Parker, A. Corn, C. Fforde, K. Obata, and S. O’Sullivan, 27–52. Canberra: AIATSIS Research Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, L. 2001. Patterns of linguistic discrimination in internet discussion forums. Mercator Media Forum, 5, 22–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J.A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, M. 2015. A framework for measuring the presence of minority languages in cyberspace. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Linguistic and Cultural Diversity in Cyberspace, 61–70. http://www.ifapcom.ru/files/2015/khanty/yak_mling_2015.pdf. Accessed 31 January 2020.

  • Hicks, D., P. Baroni, K. Ceberio Berger, A. Gurrutxaga Hernaiz, E. Kruse, V. Quochi, I. Russo, T. Salonen, A. Sarhimaa, and C. Soria. 2018. Roadmap to Digital Language Diversity. http://www.dldp.eu/sites/default/files/documents/DLDP_Roadmap.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2020.

  • Honeycutt, C., and D. Cunliffe. 2010. The use of the Welsh language on Facebook: An initial investigation. Information, Communication and Society 13 (2): 226–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iriberri, A., and G. Leroy. 2009. A life-cycle perspective on online community success. ACM Computing Surveys 41 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, I. 2013. Audience design and communication accommodation theory: Use of Twitter by Welsh-English biliterates. In Social Media and Minority Languages: Convergence and the Creative Industries, ed. E.H.G. Jones and E. Uribe-Jongbloed, 99–118. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. 2010. Cilfachau electronig: Geni’r Gymraeg ar-lein, 1989–1996. Cyfrwng 7: 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. 2017. ‘Porn shock for dons’ (and other stories from Welsh pre-web history). In The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories, ed. G. Goggin and M. McLelland, 256–268. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R.J., D. Cunliffe, and Z.R. Honeycutt. 2013. Twitter and the Welsh language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 34 (7): 653–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jongbloed-Faber, L. 2015. Friezen op Sosjale Media. Leeuwarden: Mercator Research Centre, Fryske Akademy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadushin, C. 2011. Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts and Findings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornai, A. 2013. Digital language death. PLoS ONE 8 (10): e77056. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077056. Accessed 31 January 2020.

  • Kral, I. 2012. Talk, Text and Technology: Literacy and Social Practice in a Remote Indigenous Community. Toronto: Multilingual Matters.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lackaff, D., and W.J. Moner. 2016. Local languages, global networks: Mobile design for minority language users. In SIGDOC’16 Proceedings of the 34th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication. Silver Spring, MD, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanza, E., and B.A. Svendsen. 2007. Tell me who your friends are and I might be able to tell you what language(s) you speak: Social network analysis, multilingualism, and identity. International Journal of Bilingualism 11 (3): 275–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.S. 2006. Exploring the relationship between electronic literacy and heritage language maintenance. Language Learning and Technology 10 (2): 93–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leggio, D.V. 2020. Romani on the Internet. In The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, ed. Y. Matras and A. Tenser, 515–537. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. 2000. Towards a critical evaluation of language maintenance and language shift. Sociolinguistica 14: 142–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillehaugen, B.D. 2016. Why write in a language that (almost) no one can read? Twitter and the development of written literature. Language Documentation and Conservation 10: 356–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillehaugen, B.D. 2019. Tweeting in Zapotec: social media as a tool for language activists. In Indigenous Interfaces: Spaces, Technology, and Social Networks in Mexico and Central America, ed. J.C. Gómez Menjívar and G.E. Chacón, 201–226. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marwick, A., and D. Boyd. 2011. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 13 (1): 114–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J.M. Cook. 2001. Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mentrau Iaith Cymru. 2014. The Welsh Language and Social Networks. Llanrwst: Mentrau Iaith Cymru.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milroy, L. 1987. Language and Social Networks, 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milroy, L. 2001. Bridging the micro-macro gap: Social change, social networks and bilingual repertoires. In Theories on Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages: Towards a More Integrated Explanatory Framework, ed. J. Klatter-Folmer and P. van Avermaet, 39–64. Munich: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D. 2007. Young people’s social networks and language use. Sociolinguistic Studies 1 (3): 435–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ní Bhroin, N. 2013. Small pieces in a social innovation puzzle? Exploring the motivations of minority language users in social media. In Media Innovations: A Multidisciplinary Study of Change, ed. T. Storsul and A.H. Krumsvik, 219–238. Göteborg: Nordicom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ní Bhroin, N. 2015. Social media innovation: The case of Indigenous Tweets. The Journal of Media Innovations 2 (1): 89–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolov, D., D.F.M. Oliveira, A. Flammini, and F. Menczer. 2015. Measuring online social bubbles. PeerJ Computer Science 1: e38. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.38.

  • Nonnecke, B., and J. Preece. 2003. Silent participants: Getting to know lurkers better. In From Usenet to CoWebs: Computer Supported Cooperative Work, ed. C. Lueg and D. Fisher, 110–132. London: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ofcom. 2020a. Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report 2019. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/childrens/children-and-parents-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2019. Accessed 30 July 2020.

  • Ofcom. 2020b. Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report 2019—Research Annex. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/childrens/children-and-parents-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2019. Accessed 24 November 2020.

  • Ofcom. 2020c. Adults’ Media Use & Attitudes Report 2020. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/adults/adults-media-use-and-attitudes. Accessed 30 July 2020.

  • Ó Riagáin, P., G. Williams, and X. Moreno. 2008. Young People and Minority Languages: Language Use Outside the Classroom. Dublin: Centre for Language and Communications Studies, Trinity College Dublin.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke, B. 2019. Carving out breathing spaces for Galician: New speakers’ investment in monolingual practices. In Critical Perspectives on Linguistic Fixity and Fluidity: Languagised Lives, ed. J. Jaspers and L.M. Madsen, 99–121. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preece, J. 2001. Sociability and usability in online communities: Determining and measuring success. Behaviour & Information Technology 20 (5): 347–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rainie, L., and B. Wellman. 2012. Networked: The New Social Operating System. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rheingold, H. 1994. A slice of life in my virtual community. In Global Networks: Computers and International Communication, ed. L.M. Harasim, 57–80. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Routley, N. 2017. Visualising the trillion-fold increase in computing power. Visual Capitalist, 3 November.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scannell, K. 2011. Welcome/Fáilte! http://indigenoustweets.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/mapping-celtic-twittersphere.html. Accessed 11 November 2020.

  • Scott, J. 2017. Social Network Analysis. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, A.J. 2017. How Facebook can revitalise local languages: Lessons from Bali. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38 (9): 788–796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagg, C., and P. Seargeant. 2014. Audience design and language choice in the construction and maintenance of translocal communities on social network sites. In The Language of Social Media: Identity and Community on the Internet, ed. P. Seargeant and C. Tagg, 161–185. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B., and M. Gulia. 1999. Virtual communities as communities: Net surfers don’t ride alone. In Communities in Cyberspace, ed. M.A. Smith and P. Kollock, 167–194. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B., P.J. Carrington, and A. Hall. 1988. Networks as personal communities. In Social Structures: A Network Approach, ed. B. Wellman and S.D. Berkowitz, 130–184. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B., A. Quan-Haase, J. Boase, W. Chen, K. Hampton, I. Diaz, and K. Miyata. 2003. The social affordances of the Internet for networked individualism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 8 (3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesch, M. 2009. YouTube and you: Experiences of self-awareness in the context collapse of the recording webcam. Explorations in Media Ecology 8 (2): 19–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, C. 2013. Community management that works: How to build and sustain a thriving online health community. Journal of Medical Internet Research 15 (6): e119.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Cunliffe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cunliffe, D. (2021). Minority Languages in the Age of Networked Individualism: From Social Networks to Digital Breathing Spaces. In: Lewis, H., McLeod, W. (eds) Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation. Language and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80189-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80189-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80188-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80189-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics