The ℓ ^∞-Cophenetic Metric for Phylogenetic Trees As an Interleaving Distance

Abstract

There are many metrics available to compare phylogenetic trees since this is a fundamental task in computational biology. In this paper, we focus on one such metric, the ℓ ^∞-cophenetic metric introduced by Cardona et al. This metric works by representing a phylogenetic tree with n labeled leaves as a point in $\mathbb {R}^{n(n+1)/2}$ known as the cophenetic vector, then comparing the two resulting Euclidean points using the ℓ ^∞ distance. Meanwhile, the interleaving distance is a formal categorical construction generalized from the definition of Chazal et al., originally introduced to compare persistence modules arising from the field of topological data analysis. We show that the ℓ ^∞-cophenetic metric is an example of an interleaving distance. To do this, we define phylogenetic trees as a category of merge trees with some additional structure, namely, labelings on the leaves plus a requirement that morphisms respect these labels. Then we can use the definition of a flow on this category to give an interleaving distance. Finally, we show that, because of the additional structure given by the categories defined, the map sending a labeled merge tree to the cophenetic vector is, in fact, an isometric embedding, thus proving that the ℓ ^∞-cophenetic metric is an interleaving distance.